RT9241A/B Two-Phase DC/DC Controller for CPU Core Power Supply General Description The RT9241A/B is a two-phase buck DC/DC controller integrated with all control functions for high performance processor VRM. The RT9241A/B drives 2 buck switching stages operating in 180 degree phase shift. The two-phase architecture provides high output current while maintaining low power dissipation on power devices and low stress on input and output capacitors. The high equivalent operating frequency also reduces the component dimension and the output voltage ripple in load transient. RT9241A/B regulates both easily set voltage and current loops. Precise current sharing for power stage is achieved by differential input current sense and processing circuit. The settings of current sense, droop tuning and over current protection are independent to compensation circuit of voltage loop. The feature greatly facilitates the flexibility of CPU power supply design and tuning. The RT9241A/B uses a 5-bit DAC of 1.1V to 1.85V (25mV/step) output with load current droop compensation to meet the strict VRM transient requirement. The IC monitors the VCORE voltage for PGOOD and over voltage protection. Soft start, over current protection and programmable under voltage lockout are also provided to assure the safety of microprocessor and power system. Ordering Information Features Two-Phase Power Conversion VRM 9.0 DAC Output with Active Droop Compensation for Fast Load Transient Precise Channel Current Sharing with Differential Sense Input Hiccup Mode Over Current Protection Programmable Under Voltage Lockout and Soft Start High Ripple Frequency, (Channel Frequency Times Channel Number) 100KHz Version (RT9241B) for Lower Switching Loss Applications Power Supply for Server and Workstation Power Supply for High Current Microprocessor Pin Configurations Part Number Pin Configurations RT9241A/B CS TOP VIEW (Plastic SOP-20) VID4 1 20 VDD VID3 2 19 PGOOD VID2 3 18 ISP1 VID1 4 17 PWM1 VID0 5 16 PWM2 COMP 6 15 ISP2 FB 7 14 VSEN ADJ 8 13 DVD 9 12 GND ISN1 10 11 ISN2 SS RT9241A/B Package type S : SOP-20 Operating temperature range C: Commercial standard Operating frequency version A : 200KHz B : 100KHz DS9241AB-01 October 2002 www.richtek.com 1 RT9241A/B Absolute Maximum Ratings Supply Voltage Input, Output or I/O Voltage Power Dissipation, PD @ TA = 25°C SOP-20 Package Thermal Resistance SOP-20, θJA Ambient Temperature Range Junction Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) 7V GND-0.3V ~ VDD+0.3V 0.625W 110°C /W 0°C ~ 70°C 0°C ~ 125°C -40°C ~ 150°C 260°C Electrical Characteristics (VDD = 5V, GND = 0V, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise specified) Parameter Symbol Test Conditions Min Typ Max Units -- 4 10 mA VDD Rising Threshold 4.2 4.35 4.6 V VDD Falling Threshold -- 3.85 -- V Hysteresis 0.2 0.6 -- V VDVD Rising Trip Threshold 1.19 1.25 1.31 V 170 200 230 85 100 115 -- 1.7 -- V Ramp Valley 1.0 1.3 -- V Maximum On Time of Each Channel 70 75 80 % -1.0 -- +1.0 % DAC (VID0-VID4) Input Low Voltage -- -- 0.8 V DAC (VID0-VID4) Input High Voltage 2.0 -- -- V DAC (VID0-VID4) Bias Current 20 28 36 µA DC Gain -- 85 -- dB Bandwidth -- 10 -- MHz -- 5 -- V/µS VDD Supply Current Nominal Supply Current IDD PWM 1,2 Open Power-On Reset Oscillator Frequency RT9241A RT9241B For each phase Ramp Amplitude kHz Reference and DAC DACOUT Voltage Accuracy PWM Controller Error Amplifier Slew Rate CL = 10pF To be continued www.richtek.com 2 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 RT9241A/B Parameter Symbol Test Conditions Min Typ Max Units ISP 1,2 Full Scale Source Current 50 -- -- µA ISP 1,2 Current for OCP 70 75 -- µA 8 13 18 µA 118 122 126 % Current Sense GM Amplifier Protection SS Current VSS = 1V Over-Voltage Trip (VSEN/DACOUT) Power Good Upper Threshold (VSEN/DACOUT) VSEN Rising 106 110 114 % Lower Threshold (VSEN/DACOUT) VSEN Rising 86 90 94 % Function Block Diagram DVD Pow er On Reset VDD Oscillator Balance _ Processor CS1 Droop Control CS2 ISP1 ISN1 ISP2 ISN2 + SS Control EA _ FB PWM2 PWMCP VSEN ADJ PWM Logic & Driver + Current Limit Current PWM1 _ _ PWMCP INH PWM Logic & Driver _ _ + 92% VDAC OVP, PGOOD POR Logic _ + 108% VDAC INH _ + DAC INH + 120% VDAC + VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 + PGOOD GND COMP DS9241AB-01 October 2002 SS www.richtek.com 3 RT9241A/B Table 1 Output Voltage Program Pin Name Nominal Output Voltage DACOUT VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 1 1 1 1 1 Off 1 1 1 1 0 1.100V 1 1 1 0 1 1.125V 1 1 1 0 0 1.150V 1 1 0 1 1 1.175V 1 1 0 1 0 1.200V 1 1 0 0 1 1.225V 1 1 0 0 0 1.250V 1 0 1 1 1 1.275V 1 0 1 1 0 1.300V 1 0 1 0 1 1.325V 1 0 1 0 0 1.350V 1 0 0 1 1 1.375V 1 0 0 1 0 1.400V 1 0 0 0 1 1.425V 1 0 0 0 0 1.450V 0 1 1 1 1 1.475V 0 1 1 1 0 1.500V 0 1 1 0 1 1.525V 0 1 1 0 0 1.550V 0 1 0 1 1 1.575V 0 1 0 1 0 1.600V 0 1 0 0 1 1.625V 0 1 0 0 0 1.650V 0 0 1 1 1 1.675V 0 0 1 1 0 1.700V 0 0 1 0 1 1.725V 0 0 1 0 0 1.750V 0 0 0 1 1 1.775V 0 0 0 1 0 1.800V 0 0 0 0 1 1.825V 0 0 0 0 0 1.850V Note: (1) 0:Connected to GND (2) 1:Open www.richtek.com 4 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 C14 12V R9 1K R8 2.4K R5 13K R12 R7 R14 2.4K 33pF C12 24K C10 6.6nF R 6 ADJ FB COMP VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 10 9 14 SS PWM2 ISN2 ISP2 ISN1 ISP1 PWM1 PGOOD VDD RT9241A DVD VSEN 13 GND 8 7 6 5 C17 0.1µF VID0 4 3 VID2 VID1 2 VID3 1 16 11 15 12 18 17 19 20 R1 2.4K R13 2.4K R2 2.4K R10 2.4K PGOOD Typical 12V R3 10K 6 3 PHASE PWM 6 PWM 4 GND 5 PHASE LGATE 5 8 2 BOOT 1 UGATE LGATE RT9600 4 GND 8 2 BOOT 1 UGATE RT9600 VCC PVCC 7 VCC PVCC C13 1µF Typical 12V 3 C4 1µF 7 Q4 PHB95N03LT C11 1µF Q2 PHB95N03LT C3 1µF C1 1µF 0.01µF 2µH L3 Q3 PHB83N03LT C8 1µF 2µH L2 0.01µF Q1 PHB83N03LT C2 1000µF/16V 1µH L1 C5 1500µF C15 1500µF C9 1000µF 12V C16 1500µF C6 1500µF VCORE Typical Application Circuit R15 +5V VID4 C7 1µF +5V RT9241A/B www.richtek.com 5 12V www.richtek.com 6 13K 2.4K +5V 2.4K 33pF 24K 6.6nF 9 8 7 6 5 0.1µF 10 2.4K VID0 4 3 VID2 VID1 2 1 VID3 VID4 SS PWM2 ISN2 ISP2 GND VSEN ISN1 ISP1 PWM1 PGOOD VDD RT9241A DVD ADJ FB COMP VID0 VID1 VID2 VID3 VID4 13 14 12 18 17 19 20 16 11 15 1µF 3K 3K 3K 3K +5V PGOOD 10K 2µH 2µH 1000µF ×1500µF 1000µF ×1500µF 1.2µH VCORE 12V PHB95N03LT 0.01µF PHB83N03LT 1µF PHB95N03LT 1µF 13 12 1µF 11 PHASE2 UGATE2 PWM1 PVCC PGND GND PWM2 10 BOOT2 7 LGATE 2 8 9 14 VCC RT9602 PHASE1 UGATE1 BOOT1 4 LGATE 1 0.01µF PHB83N03LT 1µF 6 3 2 1 5 1µF 10 12V RT9241A/B DS9241AB-01 October 2002 RT9241A/B Typical Operating Characteristics Over Current Protection at Power-Up Over Current Protection at Steady State PWM1 PWM1 PWM2 PWM2 VSS VSS 20A/DIV) IOUT 20A/DIV) IOUT Time (25mS/DIV) Time (25mS/DIV) Current Sharing between Two Phases Two-Phase Converter without Current Sharing PWM1 PWM1 PWM2 PWM2 IL1 IL2 IL1 IL2 IL1 IL2 IL1 IL2 Time (5μS/DIV) The Hysteresis of VDD 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 VDD (V) DS9241AB-01 October 2002 4 The Hysteresis of VDVD 1.6 VCORE (V) VCORE (V) Time (5μS/DIV) 5 6 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 VDVD (V) www.richtek.com 7 RT9241A/B Functional Pin Description VID4, VID3, VID2, VID1 and VID0 ( Pin1,2,3,4,5) DAC voltage identification inputs for VRM9.0. These pins are TTL-compatible and internally pulled to VDD if left open. PGOOD (Pin 19) Power good open-drain output. VDD (Pin 20) IC power supply. Connect this pin to a 5V supply. COMP (Pin 6) Output of the error amplifier and input of the PWM comparator. FB (Pin 7) Inverting input of the internal error amplifier. ADJ (Pin 8) Current sense output for active droop adjust. Connect a resistor from this pin to GND to set the amount of load droop. This pin should not be opened. DVD (Pin 9) Programmable power UVLO detection input. Trip threshold = 1.25V at VDVD rising SS (Pin 10) Connect this SS pin to GND with a capacitor to set the start time interval. Pull this pin below 1V(ramp valley of saw-tooth wave in pulse width modulator) to shutdown the converter output. ISN1 (Pin 12), ISN2 (Pin 11) Current sense inputs from the individual converter channel’s sense component GND nodes. GND (Pin 13) Ground for the IC. VSEN (Pin 14) Power good and over voltage monitor input. Connect to the microprocessor-CORE voltage. ISP1 (Pin 18), ISP2 (Pin 15) Current sense inputs for individual converter channels. Tie this pin to the component sense node. PWM1 (Pin 17), PWM2 (Pin 16) PWM outputs for each driven channel. Connect these pins to the PWM input of the MOSFET driver. www.richtek.com 8 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 RT9241A/B Simplified Block Diagram Control Loops for a Two Phase Converter + _ VDAC Droop ADJ Control PWM Logic & Driver PWM2 Balance _ PWMCP CS1 GND + Processor _ SS Control CS2 SS + _ _ EA COMP PWM1 PWMCP Current + + FB PWM Logic & Driver ISP1 ISN1 ISP2 ISN2 VIN RT9600 RLOAD COUT VIN RT9600 Voltage loop Current loop DS9241AB-01 October 2002 www.richtek.com 9 RT9241A/B RT9241A/B is a two-phase DC/DC controller that precisely regulates CPU core voltage and balances the current of different power channels. The converter consists of RT9241A/B and its companion MOSFET driver provide high quality CPU power and all protection function to meet the requirement of modern VRM. Voltage control The reference of VCORE is provided by a 5-bit DAC of VRM9.0 specification. Control loop consists of error amplifier, two-phase pulse width modulator, driver and power components. Like conventional voltage mode PWM controller, the output voltage is locked at the VREF of error amplifier and the error signal is used as the control signal VC of pulse width modulator. The PWM signals of different channels are generated by comparison of EA output and split-phase saw-tooth wave. Power stage transforms VIN to output by PWM signal on-time ratio. Current balance RT9241A/B senses the current of low side MOSFET in each synchronous rectifier when it is conducting for channel current balance and droop tuning. The differential sensing GM amplifier converts the voltage on the sense component (can be a sense resistor or the RDS(ON) of the low side MOSFET) to current signal into internal balance circuit. The current balance circuit sums and averages the current signals then produces the balancing signals injected to pulse width modulator. If the current of some power channel is greater than average, the balancing signal reduces the output pulse width to keep the balance. Load droop The sensed power channel current signals regulate the reference of DAC to form a output voltage droop proportional to the load current. The droop or so call “active voltage positioning” can reduce the output voltage ripple at load transient and the LC filter size. Fault detection The chip detects VCORE for over voltage and power good detection. The “hiccup mode” operation of over current protection is adopted to reduce the short circuit current. The in-rush current at the start up is suppressed by the soft start circuit through clamping the pulse width and output voltage. Application Circuit Setting MOSFET driver detection and converter start up RT9241A/B interface with companion MOSFET driver (like RT9600 or HIP660X series) for correct converter initialization. The tri-phase PWM output (high, low, high impedance) pins sense the interface voltage at IC POR acts (both VDD and VDVD trip). The channel is enabled if the pin voltage is 1.2V less than VDD. Please tie the both PWM output to driver input for correct converter start-up. Current sensing setting RT9241A/B senses the current of low side MOSFET in each synchronous rectifier when it is conducting for channel current balance and droop tuning. The differential sensing GM amplifier converts the voltage on the sense component (can be a sense resistor or the RDS(ON) of the low side MOSFET) to current signal into internal circuit (see Fig.1). IX _ Sample & Hold To Current Balance To Droop Tune GM + Operation IBP IBN ISPX RSP RS ISN X 2/3 IX RSN 2/3 IX To Over Current Detection 2/3 IX Fig.1 Current Sense Circuit www.richtek.com 10 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 IL RT9241A/B IL × RS by local The sensing circuit gets IX = RSP feedback. RSP = RSN to cancel the voltage drop caused by GM amplifier input bias current. IX is sampled and held just before low side MOSFET turns off (See Fig.2). Therefore, IL(S / H) × RS VO TOFF × IL(S / H) = IL( AVG) −, IX(S / H) = 2 RSP , L VIN − VO × TOFF = VIN TS, for switching period = TS VIN − VO VO − × TS VIN × RS IX(S / H) = IL( AVG ) − RSP 2L Falling Slope = VO /L IL IL (AVG) IL (S/H) Inductor Current Soft start circuit generates a ramp voltage by charging external capacitor with 10uA current after IC POR acts. The PWM pulse width and VCORE are clamped by the rising ramp to reduce the in-rush current and protect the power components. OCP is triggered if one channel S/H current signal IX> 75µA. Controller forces PWM output latched at high impedance to turn off both high and low side MOSFET in the power stage and initial the hiccup mode protection. The SS pin voltage is pulled low with a 10µA current after it is less than 90% VDD. The converter restarts after SS pin voltage < 0.2V. Three times of OCP disable the converter and only release the latch by POR acts (see Fig.4). PWM Signal & High Side MOSFET Gate Signal Low Side MOSFET Gate Signal Fig. 2 Inductor Current and PWM Signal Droop tuning The S/H current signals from power channels are injected to ADJ pin to create droop voltage. V ADJ = R ADJ × Protection and SS function For OVP, the RT9241A/B detects the VCORE by VSEN pin. Eliminate the parasitic delay and noise influence on the PCB path for fast and accurate detection. The trip point of OVP is 120% of normal output level. The PWM outputs are pulled low to turn on the low side MOSFET and turn off the high side MOSFET of the synchronous rectifier at OVP. The OVP latch can only be reset by VDD or VDVD restart power on reset sequence. The PGOOD detection trip point of VCORE is ±8% out of the normal level. The PGOOD open drain output pulls low when VOCRE exceeds the range. 2 ∑ IX 3 COUNT = 1 COUNT = 2 COUNT = 3 4V 2V 0V The DAC output voltage decreases by VADJ to form the VCORE load droop(see Fig.3). SS V CORE OVERLOAD APPLIED IL 0A _ EA FB + _ + COMP VDAC VADJ VDAC - VADJ ∑ ∑ I X 2/3 IX1 T0T1 T3T4 T2 TIME 2/3 IX2 Fig. 4 ADJ RADJ Fig. 3 Droop Tune Circuit DS9241AB-01 October 2002 www.richtek.com 11 RT9241A/B Two-Phase Converter and Components Function Grouping 12V VCC PVCC BOOT UGATE PHASE RT9600 PWM +5V LGATE GND VDD VID 12V PWM1 Compensation & Offset ISP1 COMP ISN1 PVCC FB ADJ Driver Power UVLO +VCORE UGATE RT9600 PWM2 RT9241A/B 12V BOOT PHASE VSEN Droop Setting VCC PWM LGATE GND DVD Current Sense Components ISP2 ISN2 SS GND Design Procedure Suggestion Voltage loop setting a. Output filter pole and zero (Inductor, output capacitor value & ESR) b. Error amplifier compensation network Current loop setting a. Over current protection trip point setting by GM amplifier S/H current(current sense component Ron, ISPx & ISNx pin external resistor value, keep ISPx current = 75µA at OCP condition) Power sequence & SS DVD pin external resistor and SS pin capacitor PCB layout a. Kelvin sense for current sense GM amplifier input b. Refer to layout guide for other item VRM load line setting a. Droop amplitude (ADJ pin resistor) b. No load offset (additional resistor in compensation network) www.richtek.com 12 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 RT9241A/B Design Example for RT9241A 1. Compensation setting a. Modulator Gain, Pole and Zero Asymptotic Bode Plot of PWM Loop Gain 100 80 60 Gain (dB) Two phase converter VCORE = 1.5V, VIN = 12V, full load current = 40Amp, droop voltage at full load = 120mV, OCP trip point for each power stage = 30Amp (at Sample/Hold), low side MOSFET RDS(ON) = 6mΩ at room temperature, L = 2µH, COUT = 9000µF, capacitor ESR = 2mΩ. 20 0 VIN -40 saw-tooth wave amplitude VRAMP = 1.7V, -60 modulator Gain = 8.6 = 18.7dB 1 2π LC = 1.2kHz , R2 mid-band gain = R1 Modulator Gain 10 10 100 100 1K 1000 10K 10000 100K 100000 1M 10M 1000000 10000000 Fig. 6 Asymptotic Bode Plot of PWM Loop Gain 2. Over Current Protection setting b. EA compensation network Use type 2 compensation scheme (see Fig. 5), 1 ,FZ = , 1 FP = 2πR 2( PWM Loop Gain Frequency (Hz) 1 ESR zero = πCRESR = 8.8kHz 2 2πR 2C1 Compensated EA Gain -20 Modulator Gain = VRAMP LC filter pole = Uncompensated EA Gain 40 C1 × C2 ) C1 + C2 . Choose R1 = 2.4KΩ, R2 = 24KΩ, C1 = 6.6nF, C2 = 33pF, get FZ = 1KHz, Fp = 200KHz, mid-band Gain=10=20dB, OCP trip point current = 30A (at Sample/Hold), IX = RDS(ON) × 30 A = 75µ,A RISP = 2.4KΩ RSP Take the temperature rising for consideration, if MOSFET working temperature=70°C and the temperature coefficient =5000ppm/°C, RISP(70°C) = RISP(27°C) × {RDS(ON)(70°C)/RDS(ON)(27°C)} = 1.75KΩ 3. Droop setting modulator asymptotic Bode plot of EA compensation and PWM loop Gain Bode shown as Fig. 6. Full load current of each power channel = 40A/2 = 20Amp, the ripple current = ∆IL = 1.5 V 1.5 V × 1 − = 3.28 A 2µH 12V ∆IL , load current at S/H 20 A − 2 = 18.36 A RDS(ON) × 18.36 A IX(MAX ) = = , GM Amp RISP 5µS × C1 C3 R2 R3 VCORE C2 R1 S/H COMP _ FB + EA DACOUT R 3, C3 are used in type 3 compensation scheme (left NC in type 2) R OL R OL for no load offset setting , RISP = RISN = 2.4KΩ, IX(MAX) = 46µA, required Droop = 120mV = 46µA×2×2/3×RADJ ,RADJ = 1.97KΩ. Take the temperature rising for consideration, we just modify RISP like OCP setting. 4. SS capacitor Fig. 5 EA Compensation Network DS9241AB-01 October 2002 CSS = 0.1µF is the suitable value for most application. www.richtek.com 13 RT9241A/B Layout Guide Layout Guide Place the high-power switching components first, and separate them from sensitive nodes. 1. Most critical path: the current sense circuit is the most sensitive part of the converter. The current sense resistors tied to ISP1,2 and ISN1,2, should be located not more than 0.5 inch from the IC and away from the noise switching nodes. The PCB trace of sense nodes should be parallel and as short as possible. Kelvin connection of the sense component (additional sense resistor or MOSFET RDS(ON)) ensures the accurate stable current sensing. No Kelvin sense, no guarantee for stable Switching ripple current path: a. Input capacitor to high side MOSFET b. Low side MOSFET to output capacitor c. The return path of input and output capacitor d. Separate the power and signal GND e. The switching nodes(the connection node of high/low side MOSFET and inductor) is the most noisy points. Keep them away from sensitive small-signal node. f. Reduce parasitic R, L by minimum length, enough copper thickness and avoiding of via. 2. MOSFET driver should be close to MOSFET 4.The compensation, bypass and other function setting components should be near the IC and away from the noisy power path. operation! SW1 L1 VIN VOUT R IN C OUT C IN RL V SW2 L2 Fig.7 Power Stage Ripple Current Path www.richtek.com 14 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 RT9241A/B Next to IC Pin(s) +12V +12V or +5V CBP PVCC VCC CBOOT Use Individual Metal Runs for Each Channel to help Isolate Output Stages PWM +5VIN VCC CBP Next to IC Pin(s) LO1 RT9600 ADJ VCORE PHASE CIN Parallel Trace Locate near Transistor CC1 RT9241A/B COUT Kelvin Sense COMP RISP RISN Locate next to IC RC FB RFB ISPX ISNX CC2 Locate next to FB Pin VSEN Fig.8 Layout Consideration DS9241AB-01 October 2002 www.richtek.com 15 RT9241A/B Package Information H M B B J A C F Symbol D I Dimensions In Millimeters Dimensions In Inches Min Max Min Max A 12.598 13.005 0.496 0.512 B 7.391 7.595 0.291 0.299 C 2.362 2.642 0.093 0.104 D 0.330 0.508 0.013 0.020 F 1.194 1.346 0.047 0.053 H 0.229 0.330 0.009 0.013 I 0.102 0.305 0.004 0.012 J 10.008 10.643 0.394 0.419 M 0.381 1.270 0.015 0.050 20–Lead SOP Plastic Package www.richtek.com 16 DS9241AB-01 October 2002 RT9241A/B DS9241AB-01 October 2002 www.richtek.com 17 RT9241A/B RICHTEK TECHNOLOGY CORP. RICHTEK TECHNOLOGY CORP. Headquarter Taipei Office (Marketing) 5F, No. 20, Taiyuen Street, Chupei City 8F-1, No. 137, Lane 235, Paochiao Road, Hsintien City Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Taipei County, Taiwan, R.O.C. Tel: (8863)5526789 Fax: (8863)5526611 Tel: (8862)89191466 Fax: (8862)89191465 Email: [email protected] www.richtek.com 18 DS9241AB-01 October 2002