SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 D D D D D D D D D D D D Integrated Transient Voltage Suppression ESD Protection for Bus Terminals: – ± 15 kV Human Body Model – ± 8 kV IEC1000-4-2, Contact Discharge – ± 15 kV IEC1000-4-2, Air-Gap Discharge Circuit Damage Protection of 400 W Peak (Typical) Controlled Driver Output-Voltage Slew Rates Allows Longer Cable Stub Lengths 250-kbits/s in Electrically Noisy Environments Open-Circuit Fail-Safe Receiver Design 1/2 Unit Load Allows for 64 Devices Connected on Bus Thermal Shutdown Protection Power-Up/-Down Glitch Protection Each Transceiver Meets or Exceeds the Requirements of EIA RS-485 and ISO/IEC 8482:1993(E) Standards Low Disabled Supply Current 300 µA Max Pin Compatible with SN75176 D OR P PACKAGE (TOP VIEW) R RE DE D 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5 VCC B A GND functional logic diagram (positive logic) 3 DE 4 D description The SN75LBC184 and SN65LBC184 are differential data line transceivers in the trade-standard footprint of the SN75176 with built-in protection against high-energy noise transients. This feature provides a substantial increase in reliability for better immunity to noise transients coupled to the data cable over most existing devices. Use of these circuits provides a reliable low-cost direct-coupled (with no isolation transformer) data line interface without requiring any external components. The SN75LBC184 and SN65LBC184 can withstand overvoltage transients of 400 W peak (typical). The conventional combination wave called out in CEI IEC 1000-4-5 simulates the overvoltage transient and models a unidirectional surge caused by overvoltages from switching and secondary lightning transients. 2 RE 6 1 R 7 A B Bus V ± VP ± 1/2 VP 1.2 µs 50 µs t Figure 1. Surge Waveform — Combination Wave Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 description (continued) A biexponential function defined by separate rise and fall times for voltage and current simulates the combination wave. The standard 1.2 µs/50 µs combination waveform is shown in Figure 1 and in the test description in Figure 9. The device also includes additional desirable features for party-line data buses in electrically noisy environment applications including industrial process control. The differential-driver design incorporates slew-rate-controlled outputs sufficient to transmit data up to 250 kbits/s. Slew-rate control allows longer unterminated cable runs and longer stub lengths from the main backbone than possible with uncontrolled and faster voltage transitions. A unique receiver design provides a fail-safe output of a high level when the inputs are left floating (open circuit). The SN75LBC184 and SN65LBC184 receiver also includes a high input resistance equivalent to one-half unit load allowing connection of up to 64 similar devices on the bus. The SN75LBC184 is characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C. The SN65LBC184 is characterized from – 40°C to 85°C. DRIVER FUNCTION TABLE INPUT ENABLE D DE A H H H L L H L H X L Z Z H = high level, X = irrelevant, OUTPUTS B L = low level, ? = indeterminate, Z = high impedance (off) RECEIVER FUNCTION TABLE DIFFERENTIAL INPUTS ENABLE OUTPUT A–B RE R VID ≥ 0.2 V – 0.2 V < VID < 0.2 V L H L ? VID ≤ – 0.2 V X L L H Z Open L H H = high level, L = low level, ? = indeterminate, X = irrelevant, Z = high impedance (off) logic symbol† DE RE D 3 2 EN1 EN2 1 4 1 R 1 6 7 A B 2 † This symbol is in accordance with ANSI/IEEE Std 91-1984 and IEC Publication 617-12. 2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)† Supply voltage, VCC (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.5 V to 7 V Continuous voltage range at any bus terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 15 V to 15 V Data input/output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –0.3 V to 7 V Electrostatic discharge: All Terminals (Class 3 A) (see Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 kV All Terminals (Class 3 B) (see Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 V Continuous total power dissipation (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internally Limited Operating free-air temperature range, TA: SN65LBC184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 40°C to 85°C SN75LBC184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to 70°C Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 65°C to 150°C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C † Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTES: 1. All voltage values, except differential input/output bus voltage, are with respect to network ground terminal. 2. The driver shuts down at a junction temperature of approximately 160°C. To operate below this temperature, see the Dissipation Rating Table. 3. GND and bus terminal ESD ratings are beyond readily available test equipment capabilities for MIL-STD-883C method 3015.3. DISSIPATION RATING TABLE TA ≤ 25°C POWER RATING DERATING FACTOR ABOVE TA = 25°C TA = 70_C POWER RATING TA = 85_C POWER RATING D 725 mW 5.8 mW/°C 464 mW 377 mW P 1150 mW 9.2 mW/°C 736 mW 598 mW PACKAGE recommended operating conditions Supply voltage, VCC Voltage at any bus terminal (separately or common mode), VI or VIC High-level input voltage, VIH D, DE, and RE Low-level input voltage, VIL D, DE, and RE MIN TYP MAX UNIT 4.75 – 7‡ 5 5.25 V 12 V 2 Differential input voltage, |VID| High level output current, High-level current IOH Low level output current, Low-level current IOL Operating O erating free-air tem temperature erature, TA V 0.8 12 Driver V V – 60 mA Receiver –8 mA Driver 60 Receiver 4 SN75LBC184 0 70 mA °C SN65LBC184 85 °C ‡ The algebraic convention, in which the less-positive (more-negative) limit is designated minimum, is used in this data sheet for input voltage, common-mode input voltage, common-mode output voltage, and free-air temperature levels only. – 40‡ POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 3 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 DRIVER SECTION electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions (unless otherwise noted) ALTERNATE SYMBOLS PARAMETER ICC IIH IIL Supply current NA High-level input current (D, DE, RE) NA Low-level input current (D, DE, RE) NA TEST CONDITIONS MIN Short circuit output current Short-circuit (see Note 5) NA IOZ High-impedance output current NA MAX DE = RE = 5 V,, No Load SN75LBC184 12 25 SN65LBC184 12 30 DE = 0 V, RE = 5 V V, No Load SN75LBC184 175 300 SN65LBC184 175 300 VI = 2.4 V VI = 0.4 V VO = –7 V IOS TYP† –120 Output voltage VOC(PP) Peak-to-peak change in commonmode output voltage during state transitions Voa, Vob VOC Common-mode output voltage |∆VOC(SS)| Magnitude of change, commonmode steady-state output voltage |VOD| Magnitude M it d off diff differential ti l output t t voltage |VA – VB| (see Note 4) ∆|VOD| Change in differential voltage magnitude between logic states NA µA µA – 250 250 IO= 0‡ 0 See Figures 5 and 6 |Vos – Vos| See Figure 5 ||Vt| – |Vt|| RL = 54 Ω,, See Figure 4 RL = 54 Ω 1.5 TA ≥ 0°C TA < 0°C mA 6 0.8 1 IO = 0 Vo mA 250 See Receiver II See Figure 4 µA ±100 VO = VCC |Vos| mA ±100 VO = 12 V VO UNIT V V 3 V 0.2 V 6 V 1.5 V 1 V 0.2 V † All typical values are measured with TA = 25°C and VCC = 5 V. ‡ IO = Iia, Iib. Iia and Iib are alternate symbols for input voltage. NOTES: 4. The minimum VOD specification of the SN75LBC184 and the SN65LBC184 may not fully comply with ANSI RS-485 at operating temperature below 0°C. System designers should take the possibly lower output signal into account in determining the maximum signal-transmission distance. 5. This parameter is measured with only one output being driven at a time. 4 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 DRIVER SECTION (CONTINUED) switching characteristics over recommended operating conditions (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS td(DH) Differential output delay time, low-to-highlevel output td(DL) Differential-output delay time, high-to-lowlevel output tPLH Propagation delay time, low-to-high-level output tPHL Propagation delay time, high-to-low-level output tsk(p) tr Pulse skew (| td(DH) – td(DL) |) tf tPZH Fall time, single ended tPZL tPHZ tPLZ Rise time, single ended RL = 54 Ω,, CL = 15 pF MIN TYP MAX UNIT 1.5 µs 1.5 µs 0.5 1.5 µs 0.5 1.5 µs 75 g See Figure 5 225 ns 0.25 1.8 µs 0.25 1.8 µs RL = 54 Ω Ω, pF CL = 15 pF, Output enable time to high level RL = 110 Ω, See Figure 2 3.5 µs Output enable time to low level RL = 110 Ω, See Figure 3 3.5 µs Output disable time from high level RL = 110 Ω, See Figure 2 2 µs Output disable time from low level RL = 110 Ω, See Figure 3 2 µs POST OFFICE BOX 655303 See Figure 5 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 5 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 RECEIVER SECTION electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER ICC TEST CONDITIONS Supply current (total package) DE = RE = 0 V, No Load RE = 5 V, No Load DE = 0 V, II Input current Other input = 0 V IOZ Vhys High-impedance-state output current VO = 0.4 V to 2.4 V VIT + VIT– Positive-going input threshold voltage VI = 12 V VI = 12 V, VI = – 7 V VI = – 7 V, MIN TYP† MAX UNIT 3.9 mA 300 µA 500 VCC = 0 500 – 400 VCC = 0 – 400 ± 100 Input hysteresis voltage 70 µA mV 200 – 200‡ Negative-going input threshold voltage µA mV mV VOH High-level output voltage IOH = – 8 mA Figure 7 2.7 V VOL Low-level output voltage IOL = 4 mA Figure 7 0.5 V † All typical values are at VCC = 5 V, TA = 25°C. ‡ The algebraic convention, in which the less-positive (more-negative) limit is designated minimum, is used in this data sheet for input voltage, common-mode input voltage, common-mode output voltage and free-air temperature levels only. switching characteristics over recommended operating conditions (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT 300 ns 300 ns 100 ns tPLH tPHL Propagation delay time, low-to-high-level output tsk(p) tr Pulse skew (| tpHL – tpLH |) tf tPZH Fall time, single ended Output enable time to high level 300 ns tPZL tPHZ Output enable time to low level 300 ns 300 ns tPLZ Output disable time from low level 300 ns 6 Propagation delay time, high-to-low-level output Rise time, single ended CL = 50 pF, pF See Figure 7 See Figure 7 See Figure 8 Output disable time from high level POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 20 ns 20 ns SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION Output 3V S1 Input 1.5 V 1.5 V 0 or 3 V Generator (see Note A) RL = 110 Ω CL = 50 pF (see Note B) 50 Ω 0V 0.5 V tPZH VOH Output 2.3 V tPHZ TEST CIRCUIT Voff ≈ 0 V VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS NOTES: A. The input pulse is supplied by a generator having the following characteristics: PRR = 1.25 kHz, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns, ZO = 50 Ω. B. CL includes probe and jig capacitance. Figure 2. Driver tPZH and tPHZ Test Circuit and Voltage Waveforms 5V S1 3V Input RL = 110 Ω 0V Output 0 or 3 V Generator (see Note A) 1.5 V 1.5 V tPZL tPLZ CL = 50 pF (see Note B) 50 Ω 2.3 V Output 5V 0.5 V VOL VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS TEST CIRCUIT NOTES: A. The input pulse is supplied by a generator having the following characteristics: PRR = 1.25 kHz, 50% duty cycle, tr ≤ 10 ns, tf ≤ 10 ns, ZO = 50 Ω. B. CL includes probe and jig capacitance. Figure 3. Driver tPZL and tPLZ Test Circuit and Voltage Waveforms A D Input 27 Ω VOD IO(A) 27 Ω II VO(A) Output B VOC IO(B) CL VO(B) CL NOTES: A. Resistance values are in ohms and are 1% tolerance. B. CL includes probe and jig capacitance. Figure 4. Driver Test Circuit, Voltage, and Current Definitions POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 7 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION 3V Input 50% 50% 0V tPHL tPLH VO(A) 10% 90% 50% 90% 50% tr tf tPHL 90% VO(B) 50% 10% 10% ∼ 3.5 V ∼ 2.3 V ∼1V tPLH 50% 10% tr td(DH) 90% ∼ 3.5 V ∼ 2.3 V ∼1V tf td(DL) ∼ 2.5 V 0V ∼ – 2.5 V VOD VOC VOC(PP) ∆VOC(SS) Figure 5. Driver Timing, Voltage and Current Waveforms 8 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION A 27 Ω VOD D 27 Ω Output B Inputs VOC DE CL CL 3V DE 0V Inputs 3V D 0V Output VOC(PP) NOTES: A. Resistance values are in ohms and are 1% tolerance. B. CL includes probe and jig capacitance (± 10%). Figure 6. Driver VOC(PP) Test Circuit and Waveforms II A Input VI B 1.5 V Inputs RE 50% VO 50 pF (see Note A) Output 3V 1.5 V 0V 50% tPLH Output IO R VID tPHL 90% 10% tr NOTE A: This value includes probe and jig capacitance (± 10%). 90% 10% VOH 50% VOL tf Figure 7. Receiver tPLH and tPHL Test Circuit and Voltage Waveforms POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 9 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION 5V A 620 Ω 0 V or 3 V R 1.5 V B 620 Ω RE 50 pF (see Note A) VO Input 3V A 0V 3V Inputs RE 3V 1.5 V 0V tPHZ Output VO tPZH 0.5 V 0V tPLZ 0.5 V tPZL ∼ 2.5 V VOH ∼ 2.5 V 0.5 V 0.5 V NOTE A: This value includes probe and jig capacitance (± 10%). Figure 8. Receiver tPZL, tPLZ, tPZH, and tPHZ Test Circuit and Voltage Waveforms 10 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 VOL SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 APPLICATION INFORMATION ’LBC184 test description The ’LBC184 is tested against the CEI IEC 1000–4–5 recommended transient identified as the combination wave. The combination wave provides a 1.2-/50-µs open-circuit voltage waveform and a 8-/20-µs short-circuit current waveform shown in Figure 9. The testing is performed with a combination/hybrid pulse generator with an effective output impedance of 2 Ω. The setup for the overvoltage stress is shown in Figure 10 with all testing performed with power applied to the ’LBC184 circuit. NOTE High voltage transient testing is done on a sampling basis. VI(peak) II(peak) 0.5 VP 0.5 IP 1.2 µs 8 µs t 50 µs 20 µs t Figure 9. Short-Circuit Current Waveforms The ’LBC184 is tested and evaluated for both maximum (single pulse) as well as life test (multiple pulse) capabilities. The ’LBC184 is evaluated against transients of both positive and negative polarity and all testing is performed with the worst-case transient polarity. Transient pulses are applied to the bus pins (A & B) across ground as shown in Figure 10. Key Tech 1.2/50 – 8/20 Combination Pulse Generator 2-Ω Internal Impedance High IP 41.9 Ω 3Ω Low 7 Current Limiter VP 5 B/A SN75LBC184 GND Figure 10. Overvoltage-Stress Test Circuit An example waveform as seen by the ’LBC184 is shown in Figure 11. The bottom trace is current, the middle trace shows the clamping voltage of the device and the top trace is power as calculated from the voltage and current waveforms. This example shows a peak clamping voltage of 16 V, peak current of 33.6 A yielding an absorbed peak power of 538 W. NOTE A circuit reset may be required to ensure normal data communications following a transient noise pulse of greater than 250 W peak. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 11 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 APPLICATION INFORMATION Power 538 W Peak 0 16 V Peak, VI(peak) Clamping Voltage 0 33.6 A Peak, II(peak) Input Current 0 0 20 40 80 60 100 120 140 160 180 t – 20 µs/Div Figure 11. Typical Surge Waveform Measured At Terminals 5 and 7 12 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 MECHANICAL INFORMATION D (R-PDSO-G**) PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE PACKAGE 14 PIN SHOWN PINS ** 0.050 (1,27) 8 14 16 A MAX 0.197 (5,00) 0.344 (8,75) 0.394 (10,00) A MIN 0.189 (4,80) 0.337 (8,55) 0.386 (9,80) DIM 0.020 (0,51) 0.014 (0,35) 14 0.010 (0,25) M 8 0.244 (6,20) 0.228 (5,80) 0.008 (0,20) NOM 0.157 (4,00) 0.150 (3,81) 1 Gage Plane 7 A 0.010 (0,25) 0°– 8° 0.044 (1,12) 0.016 (0,40) Seating Plane 0.069 (1,75) MAX 0.010 (0,25) 0.004 (0,10) 0.004 (0,10) 4040047 / B 03/95 NOTES: A. B. C. D. E. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). This drawing is subject to change without notice. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion, not to exceed 0.006 (0,15). Four center pins are connected to die mount pad. Falls within JEDEC MS-012 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 13 SN65LBC184, SN75LBC184 DIFFERENTIAL TRANSCEIVER WITH TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION SLLS236A – OCTOBER 1996 – REVISED MAY 1998 MECHANICAL INFORMATION P (R-PDIP-T8) PLASTIC DUAL-IN-LINE PACKAGE 0.400 (10,60) 0.355 (9,02) 8 5 0.260 (6,60) 0.240 (6,10) 1 4 0.070 (1,78) MAX 0.310 (7,87) 0.290 (7,37) 0.020 (0,51) MIN 0.200 (5,08) MAX Seating Plane 0.125 (3,18) MIN 0.100 (2,54) 0.021 (0,53) 0.015 (0,38) 0°– 15° 0.010 (0,25) M 0.010 (0,25) NOM 4040082 / B 03/95 NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters). B. This drawing is subject to change without notice. C. Falls within JEDEC MS-001 14 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability. TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily performed, except those mandated by government requirements. CERTAIN APPLICATIONS USING SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS MAY INVOLVE POTENTIAL RISKS OF DEATH, PERSONAL INJURY, OR SEVERE PROPERTY OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE (“CRITICAL APPLICATIONS”). TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, AUTHORIZED, OR WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. INCLUSION OF TI PRODUCTS IN SUCH APPLICATIONS IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE FULLY AT THE CUSTOMER’S RISK. In order to minimize risks associated with the customer’s applications, adequate design and operating safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards. TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI’s publication of information regarding any third party’s products or services does not constitute TI’s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof. Copyright 1998, Texas Instruments Incorporated