ONSEMI AND8090

AND8090/D
AC Characteristics of ECL
Devices
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APPLICATION NOTE
Differential Characteristics (continued)
APPLICATION NOTE USAGE
This application note provides a general overview of the
AC characteristics that are specified on the
ON Semiconductor data sheets for MECL 10K, 10H,
100H, ECLinPS, ECLinPS Lite, and GigaComm SiGe
devices. Data sheet information takes precedence over this
application note if there are differences. This application
note includes the following information:
• AC Test Bench Information
• AC Characteristic Definitions
• AC Characteristic Test Methods
• AC Characteristic Examples
• AC Characteristic Symbols
• AC Characteristic References
Common Mode Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Differential Input Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Single−Ended Characteristics
Single−Ended Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Single−Ended 50% Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Single–Ended Input Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Single–Ended Input Test Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Differential Inputs (Single–Ended Mode) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Timing Characteristics
Output Rise and Fall Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Propagation Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Skew (Duty Cycle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Lab Testing
Skew (Within Device) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Test Bench Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Skew (Device to Device) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Test Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Minimum Input Pulse Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Test Bench Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Setup and Hold Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AC Test Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Set and Reset Recovery Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Signal Levels
Jitter
AC HIGH and LOW Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Jitter Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Oscilloscope Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Random Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Input Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
RJ Confidence Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Output Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Total RJ Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Output Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Test Equipment RJ Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Signal Timing
DUT RJ Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Duty Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Deterministic Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Maximum Input Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Total DJ Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Differential Characteristics
Test Equipment DJ Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Differential Input Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
DUT DJ Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Symbols and Acronyms
Unused Output Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Differential Crosspoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Symbols and Acronyms Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Input Voltage Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References
Test Input Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
 Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2003
November, 2003 − Rev. 1
AC Characteristic References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1
Publication Order Number:
AND8090/D
AND8090/D
• The test cables are connected from the DUT test board
LAB TESTING
Test Bench Overview
Specialized test benches are used to determine the AC
characteristics of the Device−Under−Test (DUT). A typical
test bench setup for a differential device is shown in
Figure 1.
•
•
Test Initialization
• The test cables are connected from the pulse generator to
the appropriate DUT test board input connectors.
output connectors to the appropriate digital sampling
oscilloscope input connectors.
The power supply cables are connected to the DUT test
board power supply connectors.
The airflow regulator is set to 500 lfpm and the desired
DUT ambient air temperature. The DUT is in this
environment for a minimum of 3 minutes before testing
begins. Data sheet specifications are typically given for
−40°C, 25°C, and 85°C.
TRIGGER
50 COAX
CHANNEL A (50 50 COAX
CHANNEL B (50 VCC
TRIGGER
OSCILLOSCOPE
Q
50 COAX
D
Q
50 COAX
CHANNEL C (50 Q
50 COAX
D
Q
50 COAX
CHANNEL D (50 PULSE
GENERATOR
Test Board
VEE
Figure 1. AC Characterization Test Bench Setup
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AND8090/D
Test Bench Equipment
must be wide enough for accurate rise and fall time
measurements. The test equipment that is currently used by
ON Semiconductor is listed in Table 1. Further information
on the test equipment can be found at the respective
manufacturer’s website.
AC characterization equipment is carefully selected to
ensure that the test equipment is suitable for the devices
to be tested, and that the measurements are accurate
and repeatable. For example, sampling head bandwidth
Table 1. ON Semiconductor Test Bench Equipment
Test Equipment
Manufacturer/Model
Equipment Notes
Digital Sampling Oscilloscope
Tektronix 11801C
SD24/26 20 GHz Module
Customers can use lower performance equipment for evaluation,
but may not be able to duplicate all of ON Semiconductor
measurements (e.g., rise/fall and propagation delay times).
Digital Sampling Oscilloscope
Tektronix TDS8000
80E03 20 GHz Module
80E01 50 GHz Module
Customers can use lower performance equipment for evaluation,
but may not be able to duplicate all of ON Semiconductor
measurements (e.g., rise/fall and propagation delay times). Note
that the 50 GHz sampling module is required for GigaComm
devices as they typically have rise and fall times between 20 ps
and 50 ps.
Pulse/Pattern Generators
Tektronix HFS 9009
Maximum pulse frequency of 630 MHz.
Agilent 8133A
Maximum pulse frequency of 3.0 GHz.
Advantest D3186
Maximum pulse frequency of 12 GHz.
DC Power Supplies
Agilent HP6624A
Used to supply VCC, VEE, and specialized bias voltages.
Low−resistance supply voltage connections and RF quality supply
filter capacitors are designed into the AC test boards that are used
to mount the DUT.
Test Cables
Various Manufacturers
High bandwidth, low−loss matched cables are used to ensure
accurate measurements. Each cable of an input/output cable pair
is the same length and has a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms.
Air Flow Regulator
Temptronics Thermostream
Establishes the DUT ambient temperature.
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AND8090/D
AC Test Boards
An example of an AC characteristic test board is shown in
Figures 2 through 4. This particular test board is used to test
ECLinPS Lite SOIC−8 devices.
Each test device is mounted on a controlled impedance
test board that is specifically designed to measure AC
characteristics. Test boards typically have multiple layers.
Figure 2. Top Photo of the AC Test Board
Figure 3. Top Schematic of the AC Test Board
Figure 4. Bottom Schematic of the AC Test Board
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AND8090/D
SIGNAL LEVELS
AC HIGH and LOW Levels − The HIGH level referred
to in this application note corresponds to the IEEE “topline,”
and the LOW level corresponds to the IEEE “baseline” as
shown in Figure 5. The 50% point lies halfway between the
HIGH and LOW levels. Refer to IEEE Standard 194−1977
for further voltage level information.
Output Levels − Output signals may be differential or
single−ended. AC characteristics for ON Semiconductor
devices with ECL outputs are typically measured for an
output termination of 50 to VTT (the termination voltage
equal to VCC − 2.0 V). HIGH and LOW output levels range
between the boundary and threshold values for the
respective HIGH and LOW input levels specified on data
sheets. Output logic levels are shown in Figure 6.
HIGH
(topline)
VIH/VOH
50%
VIL/VOL
LOW
(baseline)
Figure 5. HIGH and LOW Waveform Definition
VOHmax
HIGH
VOHmin
Boundary
VOLmax
LOW
VOLmin
Threshold
Threshold
Boundary
Figure 6. Output Logic Levels
Input Levels − Operational differential input levels are
specified by VPP and the VIHCMR range as described in the
“Differential Characteristics” section. Operational
single−ended input levels are specified by VIL and VIH as
described in the “Single−Ended Characteristics” section.
Oscilloscope Averaging − Digital sampling oscilloscopes
use an algorithm to determine the average level over a pulse
width to establish the HIGH and LOW levels. An example is
shown in Figure 7. The horizontal cursors at the HIGH and
LOW levels indicate the determined average levels.
HIGH
LOW
Figure 7. HIGH and LOW Waveform Levels
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AND8090/D
50% duty cycle input. A 50% duty cycle input/output is
shown in Figure 9. Note that the HIGH and LOW pulse
widths (PWH and PWL respectively) are equal for a 50%
duty cycle signal.
Output Swing − The output swing (VOUTpp) is measured
between the HIGH and LOW levels of each individual
differential or single−ended output. The output voltage
swing for each individual output is defined by the following
equation and Figure 8.
HIGH
VOUTPP VOH VOL
50%
VOH
LOW
PWH
50%
VOUTpp
PWL
Fifty Percent Duty Cycle: PWH = PWL
VOL
Figure 9. Input/Output Duty Cycle
The VOUTpp value is shown as the vertical axis in the data
sheet maximum frequency plots (refer to the “Maximum
Input Frequency” section).
Maximum Input Frequency − This is a typical device
performance value. It is the highest allowable input
frequency for proper device operation (fMAX). For shift
registers, it is referred to as the Maximum Shift Frequency
(fSHIFT). It is the frequency where the output voltage swing
(VOUTpp) is equal to a minimum value that is determined by
the device type, or it is the frequency where the device no
longer functions properly.
An output voltage swing versus input frequency plot is
typically included with data sheets. For the MC100EP90
example shown in Figure 10, the maximum listed input
frequency of 3.0 GHz occurs at an output voltage swing of
approximately 400 mV. The jitter shown in Figure 10 is
described in a later section.
SIGNAL TIMING
Duty Cycle − The duty cycle is the ratio of the HIGH pulse
width (PW) to the signal period and is described by the
following equations:
Signal Period = Time between adjacent rising edges
Duty Cycle = (HIGH Pulse Width/Signal Period) * 100%
VOLTAGE (mV)
The 50% points are used to measure the HIGH pulse
width and the signal period. AC characteristics for
ON Semiconductor devices are typically measured for a
900
9
800
8
700
7
600
6
500
5
400
4
300
3
ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
200
100
2
1
(JITTER)
0
0
1000
2000
3000
FREQUENCY (MHz)
Figure 10. Output Voltage vs. Input Frequency Example
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4000
ps (RMS)
Figure 8. Output Voltage Swing
AND8090/D
DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
Test Input Swing – The typical AC test input swing for
differential inputs is shown below:
Section Note − This section explains concepts that only
apply for differential inputs and/or outputs. Differential
inputs and outputs have true and inverted pins, and are often
referred to as “complimentary” inputs and outputs. An
example of a differential input is a true data input (D), and
an inverted data input (D).
Differential Input Application – True and inverted input
signals must be applied in order to obtain accurate
differential test measurements for differential input devices.
The true output of the pulse generator is connected to the true
input of the DUT, and the inverted output of the pulse
generator is connected to the inverted input of the DUT.
Unused Output Termination – An unused output of a
differential pair must be terminated in the same manner as
the used output in order to obtain accurate measurements.
Differential Crosspoint – Differential crosspoints are
used as a measurement point for differential input and
differential output signals. A differential crosspoint (Xpt) is
located where the true and inverted inputs or outputs
intersect as shown in Figure 11.
VPP (AC Test) | VIN (true) VIN (inverted) | 750 mV
Common Mode Range – The most positive of the true
and inverted input voltages (i.e., the HIGH level) must be
within the differential HIGH input common mode range
(VIHCMR) for proper operation. To restate, the common
mode range places an upper and lower boundary on the
differential HIGH input level. The HIGH input common
mode range is specified in relation to the input voltage swing
(VPP). The relationship is determined by the device type, so
refer to the device data sheet for specific information. The
differential HIGH input common mode range is defined by
the following equations.
VIHCMR(min) VIH VIHCMR(max)
VIHCMR(max) varies 1 : 1 with VCC
VIHCMR(min) varies 1 : 1 with VEE
The example shown in Figure 13 is typical, and specifies
the common mode range with respect to the entire VPP
range.
VIHCMR(max)
D or Q
Xpt
VIH for all VPP
D or Q
VIHCMR(min)
Figure 11. Differential Input/Output Crosspoint
Figure 13. Common Mode Range
Input Voltage Swing – The minimum input voltage
swing (VPPmin) is found by decreasing the swing between
the true and inverted inputs until the device no longer
performs its specified function. The maximum input voltage
swing (VPPmax) is determined by the internal circuitry of a
specific device. The differential input voltage swing is
defined by the following equations and Figure 12.
The MC100LVEL14 example shown in Figure 14
specifies the common mode range with respect to two VPP
ranges.
VIHCMR(max)
2.9 V
VIH for VPP < 0.5 V
VPP = | VIN(true) − VIN(inverted) |
VPP(min) VPP VPP(max)
VIHCMR(min)
1.2 V
D
VIHCMR(max)
Xpt
VPP(min)
2.9 V
VPP(max)
VIH for VPP 0.5 V
D
VIHCMR(min)
1.4 V
Figure 14. MC100LVEL14 Common Mode Range
Figure 12. Differential Input Voltage Swing
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AND8090/D
Differential Input Example – The relationship between
VPP and VIHCMR is used to completely define valid
differential input signals. The following MC100EP116
example is for the 5.0 V PECL mode (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE =
GND), and illustrates the valid input voltages for an
application which uses the minimum and maximum input
voltage swings for the device. Note that both the VPP and the
VIHCMR conditions are satisfied for each of the two
waveforms.
Note from the following MC100EP116 calculations for
the 5.0 V PECL mode that the 50% point voltage is not a
fixed voltage. The 50% point varies with the input voltage
range.
VIHCMR(min) 2.0 V VIH VIHCMR(max) 5.0 V
Single−Ended Input Voltage Range – Single−ended
input HIGH and LOW levels have a boundary and a
threshold as shown in Figure 17. Once an input crosses a
logic threshold, the logic state is guaranteed to change to the
new state.
50% Point(max) [VIH(max) VIL(max)]2
(4120 3375)2 3748 mV
50% Point(min) [VIH(min) VIL(min)]2
(3775 3190)2 3483 mV
VPP(min) 150 mV VPP VPP(max) 1200 mV
The top waveform in Figure 15 represents the highest
possible LOW input value where:
VIL(max) VIH(max) VPP(min) 5.0 0.15 4.85 V
The bottom waveform in Figure 15 represents the lowest
possible LOW input value where:
VIL(min) VIH(min) VPP(max) 2.0 1.2 0.80 V
VIHCMR(max) 5.0 V
4.8 V
D
VIH = 5.0 V
VPP = 0.15 V
VIL = 4.85 V
D
VILmax
LOW
VILmin
Threshold
Threshold
Boundary
The MC100EP116 example shown in Figure 18 is for the
5.0 V PECL mode.
VIH = 2.0 V
D
VPP = 1.2 V
1.0 V
Boundary
Figure 17. Single−Ended Input Logic Levels
3.0 V
VIHCMR(min) 2.0 V
VIHmax
HIGH
VIHmin
D
VIL = 0.8 V
Figure 15. MC100EP116 Differential Input Voltage
SINGLE−ENDED CHARACTERISTICS
Section Note – This section explains concepts that only
apply to single−ended inputs and/or outputs.
Single−Ended Inputs – Many inputs/outputs are
single−ended instead of differential, i.e. they have a single
input/output instead of a pair of true and inverted
inputs/outputs.
Single−Ended 50% Points – Single−ended 50% points
are used as a measurement point for single−ended input and
output signals. A 50% point is the single−ended signal level
which lies halfway between the HIGH and LOW
input/output levels as shown in Figure 16.
VIHmax
HIGH
VIHmin
4120 mV
VILmax
LOW
VILmin
3375 mV
3775 mV
3190 mV
Figure 18. MC100EP116 Single−Ended Input Example
Single−Ended Input Test Level – The AC test
single−ended input swing is typically given by the following
equation:
VIN(swing) |VIH VIL| 750 mV
VIH or VOH
50%
VIL or VOL
Figure 16. Single−Ended Input/Output 50% Point
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AND8090/D
HIGH
Differential Inputs (Single−Ended Mode) – Either input
of a differential pair may be used individually if the unused
input of the differential pair is connected to VBB (the
switching reference voltage). The switching reference
voltage is provided by many differential devices. Figure 19
illustrates the use of the true input as the single−ended input.
Note that the unused inverted output is terminated in the
same fashion as the true output.
20%
LOW
tR
50%
50%
D1
Q1
VOL
Q1
Use Q1 Termination
Non−ECL Output Devices – Refer to the translator data
sheets as different conditions are used to specify the output
rise and fall times. One type of condition specifies output
rise and fall times between the 10% and 90% output levels.
For example, the rise and fall times for the MC100ELT21
PECL to TTL translator are specified between the 10% and
90% output levels as shown in Figure 21.
D1
VBB
tF
Figure 20. ECL Output Rise and Fall Times
VOH
VIH
VIL
80%
Figure 19. Differential Input in Single−Ended Mode
The switching reference voltage provides a switching
point that is approximately halfway between the HIGH and
LOW levels. As an example, the MC100EP116 data sheet
specifies the following switching reference voltage range
for the 5.0 V PECL mode. The MC100EP116 50% point
range previously calculated is listed below the VBB range.
HIGH
90%
10%
LOW
3475 mV VBB 3675 mV
tR
tF
3483 mV 50% Point 3748 mV
Note that the VBB range is very close to the 50% point
range. This is true because the switching reference voltage
provides a switching point for a differential input in
single−ended mode that is analogous to the 50% point range
for normal single−ended inputs.
Figure 21. TTL Output Rise and Fall
Time Percentages
Another type of test condition specifies non−ECL output
rise and fall times between fixed output voltage levels. For
example, the rise and fall times for the MC100EPT21
LVPECL to LVTTL translator are specified between fixed
output voltages of 0.8 V and 2.0 V as shown in Figure 22.
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
Output Rise and Fall Times
ECL Output Devices – The output rise time for ECL
devices is the time required to rise from the 20% level to the
80% level of the output rising edge. The output fall time for
ECL devices is the time required to fall from the 80% level
to the 20% level of the output falling edge. The output rise
and fall times for devices with ECL outputs is shown in
Figure 20.
HIGH
VO = 2.0 V
VO = 0.8 V
LOW
tR
tF
Figure 22. LVTTL Output Rise and Fall
Time Levels
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AND8090/D
Propagation Delay
ECL Inputs and Non−ECL Outputs – Refer to the
device data sheet as several methods are used to measure the
output propagation delays. One method specifies the output
propagation delays from an ECL input crosspoint to a
non−ECL fixed output voltage. For example, the output
propagation delays for the MC100ELT21 PECL to TTL
translator are specified between the ECL input crosspoint
and a TTL output fixed voltage equal to 1.5 V as shown in
Figure 25.
Rising Edge Propagation – The rising edge (LOW−
to−HIGH transition) propagation delay (tPLH or tP++) is the
time needed to propagate an input rising edge to the output.
Falling Edge Propagation – The falling edge (HIGH−
to−LOW transition) propagation delay (tPHL or tP− −) is the
time needed to propagate an input falling edge to the output.
Single−Ended ECL Devices– Single−ended propagation
delay is measured between the 50% point of the input rising
or falling edge, and the 50% point of the identical output
edge. There are many types of single−ended propagation
delays such as a clock input to data output (CLK to Q)
propagation delay. Single−ended output propagation delay
is shown in Figure 23.
IN
Xpt
Xpt
IN
50%
50%
1.5 V
IN
1.5 V
OUT
tPLH
50%
50%
OUT
tPLH
tPHL
Figure 25. TTL Output Propagation Delay
Non−ECL Input and ECL Outputs – Refer to the device
data sheet as several methods are used to measure the output
propagation delays. One method specifies the output
propagation delays from a non−ECL input fixed voltage to
an ECL output 50% point. For example, the output
propagation delays for the MC10H352 CMOS to PECL
translator are specified between a CMOS input fixed voltage
equal to VCC/2 and the ECL output 50% point as shown in
Figure 26.
tPHL
Figure 23. Single−Ended Propagation Delay
Differential ECL Devices – Differential propagation
delay is measured between the crosspoint of the input rising
or falling edge, and the crosspoint of the identical output
edge. There are many types of differential input/output pairs
such as inverted clock inputs to inverted data outputs (CLK
to Q). Differential output propagation delay is shown in
Figure 24.
VCC/2
VCC/2
IN
IN
Xpt
Xpt
IN
50%
50%
OUT
Xpt
OUT
tPLH
Xpt
Figure 26. CMOS Input Propagation Delay
OUT
tPLH
tPHL
tPHL
Figure 24. Differential Propagation Delay
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AND8090/D
Skew (Duty Cycle)
The example shown in Figure 29 defines the within
device skew parameters for a device with two inputs (D1,
D2) and their two associated outputs (Q1, Q2). The within
device skew for this example would be the higher of the
following two equation results:
Duty cycle skew is also referred to as pulse skew. Duty
cycle skew is mathematically calculated by taking the
difference between the rising and falling edge propagation
delays. Unequal tPLH and tPHL values cause pulse width
distortion which affects the duty cycle. Duty cycle skew is
defined by the following equation and Figures 27 and 28 for
an input and its associated output.
tSKEW(Within Device) tPLH2 tPLH1
tSKEW(Within Device) tPHL2 tPHL1
tSKEW(Duty Cycle) | tPLH−tPHL |
50%
50%
50%
D1 = D2
50%
D2
50%
50%
50%
Q2
tPLH
50%
Q1
tPLH1
tPHL1
tPHL
50%
Figure 27. Single−Ended Duty Cycle Skew
50%
Q2
tPLH2
IN2
Xpt
tPHL2
Figure 29. Within Device Skew
Xpt
Skew (Device to Device)
IN2
Device to device skew is the difference between the
identical transition propagation delays of two devices with
a common input signal under identical operating conditions
(identical ambient temperature, VCC, VEE, etc). It is
mathematically calculated from data sheet propagation
delay values as shown below.
OUT2
Xpt
Xpt
OUT2
tPLH
tPHL
tSKEW (Device to Device) tPLH(max) tPLH(min)
Figure 28. Differential Duty Cycle Skew
tPHL(max) tPHL(min)
Skew (Within Device)
Minimum Input Pulse Width
Within device skew is the difference between the identical
transition propagation delays of a single multiple output
device with a common input. It is mathematically calculated
by obtaining the rising and falling output propagation delays
for each individual output of the device. The minimum
output propagation delay from the set of delays is then
subtracted from the maximum output propagation delay
from the set of delays as shown in the following equations.
The higher of the two equation results is taken as the within
device skew specification.
The minimum input pulse width (tPW) is the shortest pulse
width that will guarantee proper device operation. It is
measured by decreasing the test signal generator pulse width
(i.e., DUT input pulse width) until the DUT outputs no
longer function properly. For single−ended inputs, it is
measured between the 50% points of the rise and fall
transitions as shown in Figure 30.
VIH
tSKEW (Within Device Rising Edge)
tPLH(max from set) tPLH(min from set)
50%
tSKEW (Within Device Falling Edge)
tPHL(max from set) tPHL(min from set)
VIL
tPW
tPW
Figure 30. Single−Ended Input Pulse Width
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AND8090/D
• Negative hold times specify the minimum length of
For differential inputs, it is measured between the
crosspoints of the rise and fall transitions as shown in
Figure 31.
time that the input must remain unchanged before the
active clock edge in order to successfully clock the
input. Negative hold times therefore indicate that the
right edge of the timing window is before the active
clock edge.
VIH
Xpt
Typical Setup and Hold Times – The typical setup and
hold times specified on data sheets are not guaranteed, and
they are only included for failure analysis calculations. They
are measured by independently moving the left and right
edges of the timing window about the active clock edge until
the outputs no longer function properly.
Positive Setup and Positive Hold Example – The
MC100EP29 data sheet specifies the following:
Xpt
VIL
tPW
Figure 31. Differential Input Pulse Width
• The minimum setup time of positive 100 ps indicates
Setup and Hold Time
that the left edge of the timing window is 100 ps before
the active rising clock edge.
Applicability – Only synchronous clocked devices have
setup (tS or tSETUP) and hold (tH or tHOLD) times.
Timing Window – The minimum setup requirement and
the minimum hold requirement specify the timing window
where the input must not change in order to successfully
clock the input. The setup time specifies the left edge of the
timing window, and the hold time specifies the right edge of
the window. Both timing requirements must be met in order
to successfully clock the input.
Measurement Points – Differential crosspoints (refer to
the “Differential Characteristics” section) and single−end
50% points (refer to the “Single−Ended Characteristics”
section) are used as time measurement points. Note from the
following figures that the 50% point of the active clock edge
is the time origin of all setup and hold time measurements.
Minimum Setup Time – The following is true of
minimum setup times.
• The minimum hold time of positive 100 ps specifies
that the right edge of the timing window is 100 ps after
the active rising clock edge.
The setup time requirement and the hold time requirement
were both met in the example shown in Figure 32, therefore
the LOW−to−HIGH output transition occurs after the CLK
rising edge propagation delay of 420 ps. Note that the input
cannot change within the timing window of 200 ps. Only
one side of the differential clocks, inputs, and outputs are
shown in Figure 32.
50%
• Minimum setup times are usually positive, and they
CLK
specify the minimum length of time that the input must
remain unchanged before the active clock edge in order
to successfully clock the input. Positive setup times
therefore indicate that the left edge of the timing window
is before the active clock edge.
50%
50%
INPUT
t(ps)
• Negative minimum setup times specify the minimum
length of time that the input must remain unchanged
after the active clock edge in order to successfully clock
the input. Negative setup times therefore indicate that
the left edge of the timing window is after the active
clock edge.
+100
ts(min)
+100
th(min)
OUTPUT
tPHL
420 ps
Minimum Hold Time – The following is true of
minimum setup times.
• Minimum hold times are usually positive, and they
Figure 32. Positive Setup and Positive Hold Example
specify the minimum length of time that the input must
remain unchanged after the active clock edge in order
to successfully clock the input. Positive hold times
therefore indicate that the right edge of the timing
window is after the active clock edge.
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AND8090/D
Negative Setup and Positive Hold Example – The
MC100E445 4−Bit Serial/Parallel Converter data sheet
specifies the following:
Positive Setup and Negative Hold Example – The
MC100E136 6−Bit Universal Up/Down Counter data sheet
specifies the following:
• The minimum setup time of negative 200 ps indicates
• The minimum setup time of positive 400 ps indicates
that the left edge of the timing window is 200 ps after
the active rising clock edge.
that the left edge of the timing window is 400 ps before
the active rising clock edge.
• The minimum hold time of positive 300 ps specifies
• The minimum hold time of negative 250 ps specifies
that the right edge of the timing window is 300 ps after
the active rising clock edge.
that the right edge of the timing window is 250 ps
before the active rising clock edge.
The setup time requirement and the hold time requirement
were both met in the example shown in Figure 33, therefore
the LOW−to−HIGH output transition occurs after the CLK
rising edge propagation delay of 1800 ps. Note that the input
cannot change within the timing window of 100 ps. Only
one of the differential clocks and differential inputs is shown
in Figure 33.
The setup time requirement and the hold time requirement
were both met in the example shown in Figure 34, therefore
the LOW−to−HIGH output transition occurs after the CLK
rising edge propagation delay of 1150 ps. Note that the input
cannot change within the timing window of 150 ps.
50%
CLK
50% 50%
INPUT
t(ps)
−200
ts(min)
+300
th(min)
50%
OUTPUT
tPLH
1800 ps
Figure 33. Negative Setup and Positive Hold Example
50%
CLK
50%
50%
INPUT
t(ps)
+400
ts(min)
−250
th(min)
50%
OUTPUT
tPLH
1150 ps
Figure 34. Positive Setup and Negative Hold Example
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AND8090/D
system must be designed so that Set transitions from the
active HIGH state to the inactive LOW state at least 150 ps
before the active rising clock edge. The set recovery timing
requirement (150 ps) and the input setup time requirement
(100 ps) were both met in the example shown in Figure 35,
therefore the output transitions from the Set state (HIGH) to
the input state (LOW). The transition takes place after the
specified 420 ps HIGH−to−LOW CLK propagation delay.
Minimum Reset Recovery Time – This parameter
defines the minimum length of time that Reset has to be
inactive before an active clock edge in order for the output
to enter the non−Reset state. In the non−Reset state, the
output is no longer dependent upon the Reset state.
In the MC100EP29 example shown in Figure 36, the
minimum reset recovery time of 150 ps specifies that the
system must be designed so that Reset transitions from the
active HIGH state to the inactive LOW state at least 150 ps
before the active rising clock edge. The reset recovery
timing requirement (150 ps) and the input setup time
requirement (100 ps) were both met in the example shown
in Figure 36, therefore the output transitions from the Set
state (HIGH) to the input state (LOW). The transition takes
place after the specified 420 ps HIGH−to−LOW CLK
propagation delay.
Negative Setup and Negative Hold Comment – The left
edge of the timing window is the setup edge, and the right
edge of the window is the hold edge. A negative setup time
with a negative hold time cannot occur as this principle
would be violated (i.e., the hold edge would occur before the
set edge).
Set and Reset Recovery Time
Applicability – Only devices with a Set input have set
recovery times (tSR), and only devices with a Reset input
have reset recovery times (tRR).
Measurement Points – Differential crosspoints (refer to
the “Differential Characteristics” section) and single−end
50% points (refer to the “Single−Ended Characteristics”
section) are used as time measurement points. Note from the
following figures that the 50% point of the active clock edge
is the time origin of all set and reset recovery time
measurements.
Minimum Set Recovery Time – This parameter defines
the minimum length of time that Set has to be inactive before
an active clock edge in order for the output to enter the
non−Set state. In the non−Set state, the output is no longer
dependent upon the Set state.
In the MC100EP29 example shown in Figure 35, the
minimum set recovery time of 150 ps specifies that the
50%
50%
CLK
CLK
SET
RESET
50%
tSR(ps)
50%
tRR(ps)
0
150
150
tSR(min)
0
tRR(min)
INPUT
50%
50%
INPUT
ts(min)
ts(ps)
100
ts(min)
100
ts(min)
OUTPUT
50%
50%
OUTPUT
tPHL
420 ps
Figure 35. Set Recovery Time Example
tPLH
420 ps
Figure 36. Reset Recovery Time Example
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AND8090/D
Typical Set and Reset Recovery Times – The typical set
and reset recovery times specified on data sheets are not
guaranteed, and they are only included for failure analysis
calculations. They are measured by moving the
active−to−inactive Set and Reset transitions towards the
active clock edge until the outputs no longer enter the
respective non−Set or non−Reset state.
under the distribution represents the probability that an
actual edge location will lie within the range surrounding the
ideal edge location. For instance, note from Figure 37 that
a distribution range of plus/minus one sigma from the mean
includes 68.27% of the total distribution area. This means
that there is a 68.27% probability that the actual edge
location will be within the plus/minus one sigma window.
JITTER
RJ Confidence Levels
As sigma increases, the confidence that the actual edge
location will lie within the distribution range surrounding
the ideal edge location increases. This is why the sigma level
is commonly referred to as the “Confidence Level.”
Confidence levels per sigma are specified in Table 2 where
“Sigma” represents the distribution range for one side of the
mean, and “Total Sigma” represents the distribution range
for both sides of the mean.
Jitter Definition
Jitter is defined as the deviation of an actual edge location
from its ideal location. The possibility of a data transmission
error increases as jitter increases. Total jitter consists of
“Random Jitter” and “Deterministic Jitter” as described in
the following sections.
Random Clock Jitter
Random jitter (RJ, also referred to as “non−systematic”
jitter) is characterized by an unbounded Gaussian
probability density function as shown in Figure 37. Random
jitter is specified on data sheets as Cycle−to−Cycle Jitter, and
is specified as an RMS value (the one sigma value). The
function is described below, followed by a description of the
Cycle−to−Cycle Jitter specification.
The center of the symmetrical probability distribution is
the mean and represents an ideal edge location. The area
Table 2. Confidence Level per Sigma
Sigma
Total Sigma
Confidence Level
plus/minus 1
2
68.27%
plus/minus 2
4
95.45%
plus/minus 3
6
99.73%
plus/minus 4
8
99.99%
y
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
z
−3
−2
−1
0
+1
1 = 68.27%
+2
+3
2 = 95.45%
3 = 99.73%
Figure 37. Gaussian Random Clock Jitter Distribution
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AND8090/D
Total RJ Test Setup
As an example, the NBSG14 data sheet specifies the
typical Cycle−to−Cycle Jitter as 0.5 ps RMS which is the one
sigma value.
50% Duty
Pattern Generator
The test setup shown in Figure 38 is used to sample edge
locations over a large number of periods, and then measure
the total RMS random jitter.
DUT
Cycle Pulse
50% Duty
Oscilloscope
Cycle Pulse
RJ (RMS)
Trigger
Total Jitter (RJ) [Pattern Generator (RJ)]2 [DUT (RJ)]2 [Oscilloscope (RJ)]2
Figure 38. Total Random Jitter Test
Test Equipment RJ Test Setup
The test setup shown in Figure 39 is used to measure the test equipment RMS random jitter.
50% Duty Cycle Pulse
Oscilloscope
Pattern Generator
RJ (RMS)
Trigger
Test Equipment Jitter (RJ) [Pattern Generator (RJ)]2 [Oscilloscope (RJ)]2
Figure 39. Test Equipment Random Jitter Test
DUT RJ Calculation
The DUT RMS random clock jitter determined with the following equation is specified as Cycle−to−Cycle Jitter.
DUT (RJ) [Total Jitter (RJ)]2 [Test Equipment Jitter (RJ)] 2
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AND8090/D
Deterministic Jitter
jitter. To form an eye diagram, a PRBS (Pseudo−Random Bit
Sequence) signal is sent to the DUT input, and the DUT
output (the eye diagram) is observed on the oscilloscope.
The NBSG14 eye diagram in Figure 41 was created by an
Advantest D3186 generating a 231−1 PRBS data pattern at
10.8 Gbps. The Tektronix TDS8000 oscilloscope with an
80E01 50 GHz sampling module acquired 7000 samples.
The total deterministic jitter represented by the histogram at
the top left of the eye diagram is 18.00 ps peak−to−peak. As
deterministic jitter increases, the eye closes (i.e., the eye
width decreases) which increases the probability of a data
transmission error.
Deterministic jitter (DJ, also referred to as “data” or
“systematic” jitter) is characterized by bounded
non–Gaussian probability density functions. Deterministic
jitter includes Duty Cycle Distortion (DCD) which is
specified as Duty Cycle Skew or Pulse Skew on data sheets
(refer to the “Duty Cycle Skew” section). Determistic jitter
is defined for a specific test pattern, and is specified as a
peak−to−peak value.
Total DJ Test Setup
The total DJ test setup shown in Figure 40 is used to
produce an eye diagram. An eye diagram is useful as it
provides a qualitative view of peak−to−peak deterministic
PRBS
DUT
PRBS
Oscilloscope
Pattern Generator
DJ (PP)
Trigger
Total Jitter(DJ) Pattern Generator (DJ) DUT (DJ) Oscilloscope (DJ)
Figure 40. Total Deterministic Jitter Test
Figure 41. Total Deterministic Jitter Eye Diagram
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AND8090/D
Test Equipment DJ Test Setup
generator and oscilloscope setup that was used to generate
the total deterministic jitter eye diagram. The test equipment
deterministic jitter represented by the histogram at the upper
right of the eye diagram is 10.88 ps pp.
The general test setup shown in Figure 42 is used to
measure the test equipment peak−to−peak deterministic
jitter.
The NBSG14 test equipment deterministic jitter eye
diagram in Figure 43 was created by the identical pattern
PRBS
Oscilloscope
Pattern Generator
DJ (PP)
Trigger
Test Equipment Jitter (DJ) Pattern Generator (DJ) Oscilloscope (DJ)
Figure 42. Test Equipment Deterministic Jitter Test
Figure 43. Test Equipment Deterministic Jitter Eye Diagram
DUT DJ Calculation
The DUT peak−to−peak deterministic jitter is determined
with the following equation.
The DUT peak−to−peak deterministic jitter for the above
NBSG14 example is calculated below.
DUT (DJ) 18.00 ps 10.88 ps 7.12 ps pp
DUT (DJ) Total Jitter (DJ) Test Equipment Jitter (DJ)
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AND8090/D
Table 3. Symbols and Acronyms
A
Amperes
BER
Bit Error Rate
DUT
Device Under Test
ECL
Emitter Coupled Logic
ECLinPS
Emitter Coupled Logic in PicoSeconds
fMAX
Maximum Toggle Frequency
fSHIFT
Maximum Shift Frequency
Gbps
Gigabits (109 bits) per second
GHz
Gigahertz (109 Hz)
JitterPP
JitterRMS
lfpm
LVECLinPS
MHz
NBSG
Peak−to−Peak Jitter
RMS Jitter
Linear Feet Per Minute
Low Voltage Emitter Coupled Logic in PicoSeconds
Megahertz (106 Hz)
GigaComm Product Prefix
ns
Nanoseconds (10−9 sec)
pp
Peak−to−Peak
PRBS
Pseudo−Random Binary Sequence
ps
Picoseconds (10−12 sec)
RF
Radio Frequency
SOIC
Small Outline Integrated Circuit
tf
Fall Time
th
Hold Time
tJITTER
Jitter
tPHL
Falling Edge Propagation Delay
tPLH
Rising Edge Propagation Delay
tPWmin
tr
tRR
tS
Minimum Input Pulse Width
Rise Time
Set and Reset Recovery
Setup Time
tSK++
Input Rising Edge to Output Rising Edge Skew
tSK− −
Input Falling Edge to Output Falling Edge Skew
tSKEW
Skew
VBB
Switching Reference Voltage
VCC
The Most Positive Supply Voltage
VCMR
Common Mode Range
VEE
The Most Negative Supply Voltage
VIH
Input High Voltage Level
VIL
Input Low Voltage Level
VIN
Input Voltage
VOH
Output High Voltage Level
VOL
Output Low Voltage Level
VOUT
Output Voltage
VOUTpp
Output Peak−to−Peak Voltage Swing
VPPmin
(Or VINPPmin) Minimum Input Peak−to−Peak Voltage Swing
VPPmax
(Or VINPPmax) Maximum Input Peak−to−Peak Voltage Swing
VTT
Termination Voltage Typically Equal to VCC – 2.0 V
Xpt
Crosspoint of the True and Inverted Waveforms
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AND8090/D
REFERENCES
Johnson, Howard and Graham, Martin. High−Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic. PTR Prentice−Hall.
New Jersey, 1993.
INCITS. Methodologies for Jitter Specification. T11.2 Project 1230. http://www.t11.org.
ECLinPS, ECLinPS Lite, and GigaComm are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC.
MECL 10K and MECL 10H are trademarks of Motorola, Inc.
ON Semiconductor and
are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice
to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability
arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages.
“Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All
operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights
nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications
intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should
Buyer purchase or use SCILLC products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold SCILLC and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates,
and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death
associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that SCILLC was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. SCILLC is an Equal
Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.
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