TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 D D D D DB PACKAGE Dual TLC2932 by Multichip Module (MCM) Technology Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Section: – Complete Oscillator Using Only One External Bias Resistor (RBIAS) – Recommended Lock Frequency Range: 22 MHz to 50 MHz (VDD = 5 V ±5%, TA = – 20°C to 75°C, ×1 Output) 11 MHz to 25 MHz (VDD = 5 V ±5%, TA = – 20°C to 75°C, ×1/2 Output) – Output Frequency . . . ×1 and ×1/2 Selectable Includes a High-Speed Edge-Triggered Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) With Internal Charge Pump Independent VCO, PFD Power-Down Mode (TOP VIEW) LOGIC VDD1 SELECT1 VCO OUT1 FIN–A1 FIN–B1 PFD OUT1 LOGIC GND1 GND NC NC NC GND LOGIC VDD2 SELECT2 VCO OUT2 FIN–A2 FIN–B2 PFD OUT2 LOGIC GND2 description 1 38 2 37 3 36 4 35 5 34 6 33 7 32 8 31 9 30 10 29 11 28 12 27 13 26 14 25 15 24 16 23 17 22 VCO VDD1 BIAS1 VCOIN1 VCO GND1 VCOINHIBIT1 PFD INHIBIT1 NC GND NC NC NC GND VCO VDD2 BIAS2 VCOIN2 VCO GND2 VCOINHIBIT2 PFD INHIBIT2 NC 18 The TLC2942 is a multichip module product that 21 19 uses two TLC2932 chips. The TLC2932 chip is 20 composed of a voltage-controlled oscillator and an edge-triggered phase frequency detector. The NC – No internal connection oscillation frequency range of each VCO is set by an external bias resistor (RBIAS) and each VCO output can be a ×1 or ×1/2 output frequency. Each high speed PFD with internal charge pump detects the phase difference between the reference frequency input and signal frequency input from the external counter. The VCO and the PFD have inhibit functions that can be used as a power-down mode. The high-speed and stable oscillation capability of the TLC2932 makes the TLC2942 suitable for use in dual high-performance phase-locked loop (PLL) systems. AVAILABLE OPTIONS PACKAGE TA SMALL OUTLINE (DB) –20°C to 75°C TLC2942IDB Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet. Copyright 1997, Texas Instruments Incorporated PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include testing of all parameters. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 functional block diagram VCO VCO INHIBIT1 VCO OUT1 VCO OUT2 INHIBIT2 34 VCOIN1 FIN–A1 36 SELECT1 2 3 15 VCO_1 VCO_2 VCOIN2 FIN–A2 PFD_2 17 5 33 6 PFD OUT1 PFD INHIBIT1 2 24 16 4 PFD_1 FIN–B1 SELECT2 14 22 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 18 21 PFD OUT2 PFD INHIBIT2 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 FIN–B2 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 Terminal Functions TERMINAL NO. I/ O BIAS1 37 I VCO1 bias supply. An external resistor (RBIAS1) between VCO VDD1 and BIAS1 supplies bias for adjusting the oscillation frequency range. BIAS2 25 I VCO2 bias supply. An external resistor (RBIAS2) between VCO VDD2 and BIAS2 supplies bias for adjusting the oscillation frequency range. FIN–A1 FIN–A2 4 I Input reference frequency 1. The frequency f(REF IN)1 is applied to FIN-A1. 16 I Input reference frequency 2. The frequency f(REF IN)2 is applied to FIN-A2. FIN–B1 5 I Input for VCO1 external counter output frequency f(FIN-B)1. FIN-B1 is nominally provided from the external counter (see Figure 28). FIN–B2 17 I Input for VCO2 external counter output frequency f(FIN-B)2. FIN-B2 is nominally provided from the external counter (see Figure 28). NAME GND 8, 12, 27,31 DESCRIPTION Ground LOGIC VDD1 1 Logic1 supply voltage. LOGIC VDD1 supplies voltage to internal logic 1. LOGIC VDD1 should be separate from the other supply lines to reduce cross-coupling between power supplies. LOGIC VDD2 13 Logic2 supply voltage. LOGIC VDD2 supplies voltage to internal logic 2. LOGIC VDD2 should be separate from the other supply lines to reduce cross-coupling between power supplies. LOGIC GND1 7 Ground for the internal logic 1 LOGIC GND2 19 Ground for the internal logic 2 NC 9, 10, 11, 20, 28, 29, 30, 32 No internal connection PFD INHIBIT1 33 I PFD inhibit 1 control. When PFD INHIBIT1 is high, PFD OUT1 is in the high-impedance state (see Table 4). PFD INHIBIT2 21 I PFD inhibit 2 control. When PFD INHIBIT2 is high, PFD OUT2 is in the high-impedance state (see Table 5). PFD OUT1 6 O PFD1 output. When the PFD INHIBIT1 is high, PFD OUT1 is in the high-impedance state. PFD OUT2 18 O PFD2 output. When the PFD INHIBIT2 is high, PFD OUT2 is in the high-impedance state. SELECT1 2 I VCO1 output frequency select. When SELECT1 is high, the VCO1 output frequency is SELECT1 is low, the output frequency is 1 (see Table 1). SELECT2 14 I VCO2 output frequency select. When SELECT2 is high, the VCO2 output frequency is SELECT2 is low, the output frequency is 1 (see Table 1). VCO GND1 35 Ground for VCO1 VCO GND2 23 Ground for VCO2 VCOINHIBIT1 34 I VCO1 inhibit control. When VCOINHIBIT1 is high, VCO OUT1 is low (see Table 2). VCOINHIBIT2 22 O VCO2 inhibit control. When VCOINHIBIT2 is high, VCO OUT2 is low (see Table 3). VCO OUT1 3 O VCO1 output. When VCOINHIBIT1 is high, VCO OUT1 is low. VCO OUT2 15 VCO2 output. When VCOINHIBIT2 is high, VCO OUT2 is low. VCO VDD1 38 VCO1 supply voltage. VCO VDD1 supplies voltage for VCO1. VCO VDD1 should be separated from LOGIC VDD1 and LOGIC VDD2 and VCO VDD2 to reduce cross-coupling between power supplies. VCO VDD2 26 VCO2 supply voltage. VCO VDD2 supplies voltage for VCO2. VCO VDD2 should be separated from LOGIC VDD1 and LOGIC VDD2 and VCO VDD1 to reduce cross-coupling between power supplies. VCOIN1 36 I VCO1 control voltage input. Nominally the external loop filter output1 connects to VCOIN1 to control VCO1 oscillation frequency. VCOIN2 24 I VCO2 control voltage input. Nominally the external loop filter output2 connects to VCOIN2 to control VCO2 oscillation frequency. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1/2 and when 1/2 and when 3 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 detailed description multichip module The TLC2942 is a multichip module (MCM) product that uses two TLC2932 chips. A newly developed lead frame for TLC2942IBD is specially shaped and cut in the package to electrically isolate one chip from another. The two chips are completely independent from each other to perform the best stable oscillation and locking. If asynchronous locking operation is required for these two PLL blocks, each TLC2942 VCO and PFD can achieve the same stability as the single chip TLC2932IPW. Three NC terminals are on both sides of the package between chip1 and chip2 due to the lead frame shape. To avoid performance degradation, special attention is needed for each PLL block PCB layout especially for supply voltage lines and GND patterns. voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) VCO1 and VCO2 have the same typical characteristics. Each VCO oscillation frequency is determined by an external resistor (RBIAS) connected between each VCO VDD and BIAS terminals. The oscillation frequency and range depends on this register value. The bias resistor value for the minimum temperature coefficient is nominally 3.3 kΩ with VDD = 3 V and nominally 2.2 kΩ with VDD = 5 V. For the lock frequency range refer to the recommended operating conditions. Figure 1 shows the typical frequency variation and VCO control voltage. VCO Oscillation Frequency (f osc ) VCO Oscillation Frequency Range Bias Resistor (RBIAS) 1/2 VDD VCO Control Voltage (VCOIN) Figure 1. VCO1 and VCO2 Oscillation Frequency VCO output frequency 1/2 divider SELECT1 and SELECT2 select between fosc and 1/2 fosc for the VCO output frequencies as shown in Table 1. Table 1. SELECT1 and SELECT2 Function Table 4 SELECT1 VCO1 OUTPUT FREQUENCY Low fosc1 Low fosc2 High 1/2 fosc1 High 1/2 fosc2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 SELECT2 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 VCO2 OUTPUT FREQUENCY TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 VCO inhibit function Each VCO has an externally controlled inhibit function that inhibits the VCO output. The VCO oscillation is stopped during a high level on VCOINHIBIT, so the high level can also be used as the power-down mode. The VCO output maintains a low level during the power-down mode (see Table 2 and Table 3). Table 2. VCO1 Inhibit Function VCOINHIBIT1 VCO1 OSCILLATOR VCO OUT1 VCO1 IDD Low Active Active Normal High Stop Low Power Down Table 3. VCO2 Inhibit Function VCOINHIBIT2 VCO2 OSCILLATOR VCO OUT2 VCO2 IDD Low Active Active Normal High Stop Low Power Down PFD operation The PFD is a high-speed, edge-triggered detector with an internal charge pump. The PFD detects the phase difference between two frequency inputs supplied to FIN–A and FIN–B as shown in Figure 2. Nominally the reference is supplied to FIN–A, and the frequency from the external counter output is fed to FIN–B. FIN– A1, FIN– A2 FIN– B1, FIN– B2 VOH PFD OUT1, PFD OUT2 Hi-Z VOL Figure 2. PFD Function Timing Chart POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 5 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 PFD output control A high level on PFD INHIBIT places the PFD OUT in the high-impedance state and the PFD stops phase detection as shown in Table 4 and Table 5. A high level on PFD INHIBIT also can be used as the power-down mode for the PFD. Table 4. PFD1 Inhibit Function PFD INHIBIT1 DETECTION PFD OUT1 PFD1 IDD Low Active Active Normal High Stop Hi-Z Power Down Table 5. PFD2 Inhibit Function Table PFD INHIBIT2 DETECTION PFD OUT2 PFD2 IDD Low Active Active Normal High Stop Hi-Z Power Down schematics VCO block schematic (VCO1, VCO2) RBIAS Ring Oscillator 1/2 VCO Output Bias Circuit VCOIN1, VCOIN2 (VCO control) VCOINHIBIT SELECT1,2 PFD block schematic (PFD1, PFD2) Charge Pump VDD FIN – A PFD OUT Detector FIN – B PFD INHIBIT 6 M U X POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 VCO OUT1, VCO OUT2 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)† Supply voltage (each supply), VDD (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 V Input voltage range (each input), VI (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 0.5 V to VDD + 0.5 V Input current (each input), II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ± 20 mA Output current (each output), IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ± 20 mA Continuous total power dissipation, at (or below) TA = 25°C (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160 mW Operating free-air temperature range, TA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 20°C to 75°C Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 65°C to 150°C Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C † Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTES: 1. All voltage values are with respect to network GND. 2. For operation above 25°C free-air temperature, derate linearly at the rate of 9.3 mW/°C. recommended operating conditions Supply voltage voltage, VDD (each supply, supply see Note 3) VDD = 3 V VDD = 5 V MIN NOM MAX 2.85 3 3.15 4.75 5 5.25 Input voltage, VI, (all inputs except VCOIN1, VCOIN2) 0 Output current, IO (each output) 0 VCO control voltage at each VCOIN1, VCOIN2 VDD ±2 0.9 Lock frequency, frequency (each VCO) (×1 output) VDD = 3 V VDD = 5 V frequency (each VCO) (×1/2 output) Lock frequency, VDD = 3 V VDD = 5 V Bias resistor resistor, (each BIAS) BIAS), RBIAS1, BIAS1 RBIAS2 VDD = 3 V VDD = 5 V Operating temperature, TA 14 VDD 21 22 50 7 10.5 11 25 2.2 3.3 4.3 1.5 2.2 3.3 –20 75 UNIT V V mA V MHz MHz kΩ °C NOTE 3: It is recommended that LOGIC VDD1 and VCO VDD1 or LOGIC VDD2 and VCO VDD2 should be at the same voltage and separated from each other. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 7 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 VCO1, VCO2 electrical characteristics, VDD = 3 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER VOH VOL TEST CONDITIONS High-level output voltage IOH = – 2 mA IOL = 2 mA Low-level output voltage VIT Input threshold voltage SELECT1, SELECT2, VCOINHIBIT2, VCOINHIBIT1 II Input current SELECT1, SELECT2, VCOINHIBIT2, VCOINHIBIT1 VI = VDD or GND Zi(VCOIN) IDD(INH) Input impedance VCOIN2, VCOIN1 VCOIN = 1/2 VDD VCO supply current (inhibit) (each chip) MIN TYP MAX 2.4 0.9 V 1.5 0.3 V 2.1 V ±1 µA 10 See Note 4 UNIT 0.01 MΩ 1 µA IDD(VCO) VCO supply current (each chip) See Note 5 5 15 mA NOTES: 4. The current into VCO VDD and LOGIC VDD when VCOINHIBIT = VDD, and the PFD is inhibited. 5. The current into VCO VDD and LOGIC VDD when VCOIN = 1/2 VDD, RBIAS = 3.3 kΩ, VCOINHIBIT = GND, and the PFD is inhibited. PFD1, PFD2 electrical characteristic, VDD = 3 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER VOH VOL TEST CONDITIONS High-level output voltage IOH = – 2 mA IOL = 2 mA Low-level output voltage MIN TYP MAX 2.7 UNIT V PFD INHIBIT = high, VO = VDD or GND 0.2 V ±1 µA IOZ High-impedance output current VIH High-level input voltage FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 VIL Low-level input voltage FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 VIT Input threshold voltage PFD INHIBIT2, PFD INHIBIT1 Ci Input capacitance FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 5 pF Zi Input impedance FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 10 MΩ IDD(Z) High-impedance state PFD supply current 2.7 0.9 See Note 6 V 1.5 0.1 0.5 V 2.1 V 1 µA IDD(PFD) PFD supply current See Note 7 0.1 1.5 mA NOTES: 6. The current into LOGIC VDD, when FIN–A and FIN–B = GND, PFD INHIBIT= VDD, no load, and VCO OUT is inhibited. 7. The current into LOGIC VDD when FIN–A and FIN–B = 1 MHz with VI(PP) = 3 V rectangular wave, PFD INHIBIT = GND, no load, and VCO OUT is inhibited. 8 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 VCO1, VCO2 operating characteristics, VDD = 3 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS fosc Operating oscillation frequency RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 3.3 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1/2 VDD ts(fosc) Time to stable oscillation See Note 8 tr Rise time tf Fall time MIN TYP MAX UNIT 15 19 23 MHz 10 µs CL = 15 pF, See Figure 3 7 CL = 50 pF, See Figure 3 14 CL = 15 pF, See Figure 3 6 CL = 50 pF, See Figure 3 10 14 12 ns ns Duty cycle at VCO OUT RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 3.3 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1/2 VDD α(fosc) Temperature coefficient of oscillation frequency RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 3.3 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1/2 VDD, TA = –20°C to 75°C 0.04 %/°C kSVS(fosc) Supply voltage coefficient of oscillation frequency RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 3.3 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1.5 V, VDD = 2.85 V to 3.15 V 0.02 %/mV 45% 50% 55% Jitter absolute (see Note 9) RBIAS1 = 3.3 kΩ 100 ps NOTES: 8. The time period to stabilize the VCO oscillation frequency after VCOINHIBIT is changed to a low level. 9. The LPF circuit is shown in Figure 28 with calculated values listed in Table 9. Jitter performance is highly dependent on circuit layout and external device characteristics. The jitter specification was made with a carefully designed PCB with no device socket. PFD1, PFD2 operating characteristics, VDD = 3 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER fmax tPLZ Maximum operating frequency tPHZ tPZL PFD output disable time from high level tPZH tr PFD output enable time to high level tf Fall time TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX 21 50 23 50 20 PFD output disable time from low level See Figures 4 and 5 and Table 4 PFD output enable time to low level Rise time CL = 15 pF, pF POST OFFICE BOX 655303 See Figure 4 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 UNIT MHz ns 11 30 10 30 2.3 10 ns 2.1 10 ns ns 9 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 VCO1, VCO2 electrical characteristics, VDD = 5 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS VOH VOL High-level output voltage IOH = – 2 mA IOL = 2 mA VIT Input threshold voltage SELECT1, SELECT2, VCOINHIBIT1, VCOINHIBIT2 II Input current SELECT1, SELECT2, VCOINHIBIT1, VCOINHIBIT2 VI = VDD or GND Zi(VCOIN) IDD(INH) Input impedance VCOIN1, VCOIN2 VCOIN = 1/2 VDD Low-level output voltage VCO supply current (inhibit) (each chip) MIN TYP MAX 4 1.5 V 2.5 0.5 V 3.5 V ±1 µA 10 See Note 4 UNIT 0.01 MΩ 1 µA IDD(VCO) VCO supply current (each chip) See Note 10 15 35 mA NOTES: 4. The current into VCO VDD and LOGIC VDD when VCOINHIBIT = VDD, and the PFD is inhibited. 10. The current into VCO VDD and LOGIC VDD when VCOIN = 1/2 VDD, RBIAS = 2.2 kΩ, VCOINHIBIT = GND, and the PFD is inhibited. PFD1, PFD2 electrical characteristics, VDD = 5 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER VOH VOL TEST CONDITIONS High-level output voltage IOH = 2 mA IOL = 2 mA Low-level output voltage MIN TYP MAX 4.5 UNIT V PFD INHIBIT1, PFD INHIBIT2 = high, VO = VDD or GND 0.2 V ±1 µA IOZ High-impedance output current VIH High-level input voltage FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 VIL Low-level input voltage FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 VIT Input threshold voltage PFD INHIBIT2, PFD INHIBIT1 Ci Input capacitance FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 5 pF Zi Input impedance FIN–A1, FIN–B1, FIN–A2, FIN–B2 10 MΩ IDD(Z) IDD(PFD) High-impedance state PFD supply current See Note 6 0.1 1 µA PFD supply current (each chip) See Note 11 0.15 3 mA 4.5 1.5 V 2.5 1 V 3.5 V NOTES: 6. The current into LOGIC VDD, when FIN–A and FIN–B = GND, PFD INHIBIT= VDD, no load, and VCO OUT is inhibited. 11. The current into LOGIC VDD when FIN–A and FIN–B = 1 MHz with VI(PP) = 5-V rectangular wave, PFD INHIBIT = GND, no load, and VCO OUT is inhibited. 10 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 VCO1, VCO2 operating characteristics, VDD = 5 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS fosc Operating oscillation frequency RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 2.2 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1/2 VDD ts(fosc) Time to stable oscillation See Note 8 tr Rise time tf Fall time TYP MAX UNIT 32 41 50 MHz 10 µs CL = 15 pF, See Figure 3 5.5 CL = 50 pF, See Figure 3 8 CL = 15 pF, See Figure 3 5 CL = 50 pF, See Figure 3 6 Duty cycle at VCO OUT RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 2.2 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1/2 VDD α(fosc) Temperature coefficient of oscillation frequency RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 2.2 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 1/2 VDD, Tope = –20°C to 75°C kSVS(fosc) Supply voltage coefficient of oscillation frequency RBIAS1, RBIAS2 = 2.2 kΩ, VCOIN1, VCOIN2 = 2.5 V, VDD = 4.75 V to 5.25 V NOTES: 8. 9. MIN 45% 50% 10 10 ns ns 55% 0.06 %/°C 0.006 %/mV Jitter absolute (see Note 9) RBIAS1 = 3.3 kΩ 100 ps The time period to stabilize the VCO oscillation frequency after VCOINHIBIT is changed to a low level. The LPF circuit is shown in Figure 28 with calculated values listed in Table 9. Jitter performance is highly dependent on circuit layout and external device characteristics. The jitter specification was made with a carefully designed PCB with no device socket. PFD1, PFD2 operating characteristics, VDD = 5 V, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS fmax tPLZ Maximum operating frequency tPHZ tPZL PFD output disable time from high level tPZH tr PFD output enable time to high level tf Fall time Rise time TYP MAX 21 40 20 40 7.3 20 6.5 20 2.3 10 ns 1.7 10 ns 40 PFD output disable time from low level PFD output enable time to low level MIN See Figures 4 and 5 and Table 4 CL = 15 pF, pF POST OFFICE BOX 655303 See Figure 4 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 UNIT MHz ns ns 11 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION 90% 90% VCO OUT1, VCO OUT2 10% 10% tr tf Figure 3. VCO Output Voltage Waveform FIN– A1, FIN– A2 FIN– B1, FIN– B2 VDD VDD GND GND VDD VDD GND GND VDD PFD INHIBIT1, PFD INHIBIT2 VDD 50% 50% GND tr PFD OUT1, PFD OUT2 10% GND tPHZ VOH 90% 50% tPLZ tf 50% 90% GND 50% 10% VDD 50% VOL tPZL tPZH (a) OUTPUT PULLDOWN (see Figure 5 and Table 6) (b) OUTPUT PULLUP (see Figure 5 and Table 6) † FIN–A and FIN–B are for reference phase only, not for timing. Figure 4. PFD Output Voltage Waveform Table 6. PFD1 and PDF2 Output Test Conditions PARAMETER RL CL tPZH tPHZ tr tPZL tPLZ tf S1 S2 Open Close VDD Test Point S1 RL 1 kΩ 15 pF DUT Close PFD OUT Open CL S2 Figure 5. PFD1 and PFD2 Output Test Conditions 12 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE 100 VDD = 3 V RBIAS = 2.2 kΩ VDD = 5 V RBIAS = 1.5 kΩ – 20°C 25°C f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz 40 30 75°C 20 10 – 20°C 80 25°C 60 75°C 40 20 0 0 1 2 VI (VCOIN) – VCO Control Voltage – V 3 4 1 2 3 VI (VCOIN) – VCO Control Voltage – V 0 Figure 6 Figure 7 VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE 80 VDD = 3 V RBIAS = 3.3 kΩ f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz 40 – 20°C 30 75°C 25°C 20 10 0 1 2 VI (VCOIN) – VCO Control Voltage – V 3 VDD = 5 V RBIAS = 2.2 kΩ – 20°C 60 75°C 25°C 40 20 0 0 5 0 Figure 8 1 2 3 4 VI (VCOIN) – VCO Control Voltage – V 5 Figure 9 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 13 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE 80 VDD = 3 V RBIAS = 4.3 kΩ f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz 40 30 75°C 25°C 20 – 20°C 10 0 0 1 2 VI (VCOIN) – VCO Control Voltage – V VDD = 5 V RBIAS = 3.3 kΩ 60 40 25°C 20 – 20°C 0 3 75°C 0 1 2 3 4 VI (VCOIN) – VCO Control Voltage – V Figure 10 Figure 11 VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs BIAS RESISTOR VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs BIAS RESISTOR 60 VDD = 3 V VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = 25°C f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz 30 25 20 15 10 2 2.5 3.5 4 3 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 4.5 VDD = 5 V VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = 25°C 50 40 30 20 1.5 Figure 12 14 5 3 2 2.5 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ Figure 13 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 3.5 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs BIAS RESISTOR 0.4 VDD = 3 V VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = – 20°C to 75°C α (f osc) – Temperature Coefficient of Oscillation Frequency – % / °C α (f osc) – Temperature Coefficient of Oscillation Frequency – % / °C 0.4 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs BIAS RESISTOR 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 2 2.5 3 4 3.3 3.5 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 4.5 VDD = 5 V VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = – 20°C to 75°C 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1.5 2 2.5 3 2.2 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ Figure 15 Figure 14 VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO SUPPLY VOLTAGE VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs VCO SUPPLY VOLTAGE 48 24 RBIAS = 3.3 kΩ VCOIN = 1.5 V TA = 25°C f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz f osc – VCO Oscillation Frequency – MHz 3.5 22 20 18 16 2.85 3 VDD – VCO Supply Voltage – V 3.15 RBIAS = 2.2 kΩ VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = 25°C 44 40 36 32 4.75 Figure 16 5 VDD – VCO Supply Voltage – V 5.25 Figure 17 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 15 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS SUPPLY VOLTAGE COEFFICIENT OF VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs BIAS RESISTOR VDD = 2.85 V to 3.15 V VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = 25°C VDD = 4.75 V to 5.25 V VCOIN = 1/2 VDD TA = 25°C k SVS(fosc) – Supply Voltage Coefficient of Oscillation Frequency – %/V k SVS(fosc) – Supply Voltage Coefficient of Oscillation Frequency – %/V 0.05 SUPPLY VOLTAGE COEFFICIENT OF VCO OSCILLATION FREQUENCY vs BIAS RESISTOR 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 2 2.5 3.5 4 3 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 0.01 0.005 0 1.5 4.5 Figure 18 2.5 3 2 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 3.5 Figure 19 RECOMMENDED LOCK FREQUENCY (×1 OUTPUT) vs BIAS RESISTOR RECOMMENDED LOCK FREQUENCY (×1 OUTPUT) vs BIAS RESISTOR 60 VDD = 2.85 V to 3.15 V TA = – 20°C to 75°C Recommended Lock Frequency – MHz Recommended Lock Frequency – MHz 30 25 20 15 10 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 4.5 VDD = 4.75 V to 5.25 V TA = – 20°C to 75°C 50 40 30 20 10 1.5 Figure 20 16 2 2.5 3 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ Figure 21 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 3.5 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS RECOMMENDED LOCK FREQUENCY (×1/2 OUTPUT) vs BIAS RESISTOR RECOMMENDED LOCK FREQUENCY (×1/2 OUTPUT) vs BIAS RESISTOR 30 VDD = 2.85 V to 3.15 V TA = – 20°C to 75°C SELECT = VDD Recommended Lock Frequency – MHz Recommended Lock Frequency – MHz 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 2 2.5 3.5 4 3 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 4.5 25 VDD = 4.75 V to 5.25 V TA = – 20°C to 75°C SELECT = VDD 20 15 10 5 1.5 Figure 22 2 2.5 3 RBIAS – Bias Resistor – kΩ 3.5 Figure 23 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 17 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION gain of VCO and PFD Figure 24 is a block diagram of the PLL. The divider N value depends on the input frequency and the desired VCO output frequency according to the system application requirements. The Kp and KV values are obtained from the operating characteristics of the device as shown in Figure 24. Kp is defined from the phase detector VOL and VOH specifications and the equation shown in Figure 24(b). KV is defined from Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11 as shown in Figure 24(c). Divider (KN = 1/N) PFD (Kp) fREF VCO (KV) TLC2942 LPF (Kf) The parameters for the block diagram with the units are as follows: KV : VCO gain (rad/s/V) Kp : PFD gain (V/rad) Kf : LPF gain (V/V) KN : countdown divider gain (1/N) VOH (a) – 2π – π 0 π 2π fMAX VOH VOL fMIN external counter When a large N counter is required by the application, there is a possibility that the PLL response becomes slow due to the counter response delay time. In the case of a high frequency application, the counter delay time should be accounted for in the overall PLL design. Range of Comparison VIN MIN Kp = VOH – VOL 4π (b) KV = VIN MAX 2π(fMAX – fMIN) VIN MAX – VIN MIN (c) Figure 24. Example of a PLL Block Diagram RBIAS The external bias resistor sets the VCO center frequency with 1/2 VDD applied to the VCOIN terminal. However, for optimum temperature performance, a resistor value of 3.3 kΩ with a 3-V supply, or a resistor value of 2.5 kΩ for a 5-V supply is recommended. For the most accurate results, a metal-film resistor is the better choice, but a carbon-compositiion resistor can be used with excellent results also. A 0.22-µF capacitor should be connected from the BIAS terminal to ground as close to the device terminals as possible. hold-in range From the technical literature, the maximum hold-in range for an input frequency step for the three types of filter configurations shown in Figure 25 is as follows: DwH ] 0.8 Where 18 ǒ Ǔ ǒ Ǔ ǒ RǓ Kp K V K ( ) f (1) Kf (∞) = the filter transfer function value at ω = ∞ POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION low-pass-filter (LPF) configurations Many excellent references are available that include detailed design information about LPFs and they should be consulted for additional information. Lag-lead filters or active filters are often used. Examples of LPFs are shown in Figure 25. When the active filter of Figure 25(c) is used, the reference should be applied to FIN-B because of the amplifier inversion. Also, in practical filter implementations, C2 is used as additional filtering at the VCO input. The value of C2 should be equal to or less than one-tenth the value of C1. C2 R1 R1 VI VO T1 = C1R1 C1 VI VO T1 = C1R1 T2 = C1R2 R2 C1 R2 C2 C1 – VI R1 (a) LAG FILTER A VO T1 = C1R1 T2 = C1R2 (b) LAG-LEAD FILTER (c) ACTIVE FILTER Figure 25. LPF Examples for PLL the passive filter The transfer function for the low-pass filter shown in Figure 25(b) is: V V O IN + 1 )1s)@ s(T1@ T2 ) T2) Where T1 (2) + R1 @ C1 and T2 + R2 @ C1 Using this filter makes the closed loop PLL system a type 1 second-order system. The response curves of this system to a unit step are shown in Figure 26. the active filter When using the active filter shown in Figure 25(c), the phase detector inputs must be reversed since the filter adds an additional inversion. Therefore, the input reference frequency should be applied to the FIN-B terminal and the output of the VCO divider should be applied to the input reference terminal, FIN-A. The transfer function for the active filter shown in Figure 25(c) is: F(s) + 1 )s @s @R1R2@ @C1C1 (3) Using this filter makes the closed loop PLL system a type 2 second-order system. The response curves of this system to a unit step are shown in Figure 27. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 19 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION 1.9 1.8 z = 0.1 1.7 z = 0.2 1.6 z = 0.3 1.5 z = 0.4 1.4 z = 0.6 z = 0.5 1.3 z = 0.7 1.2 φ 2 (t), Normalized Response z = 0.8 1.1 1 0.9 z = 1.0 0.8 z = 1.5 0.7 0.6 z = 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ωnts = 4.5 7 8 9 10 ωnt Figure 26. Type 1 Second-Order Step Response 20 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 11 12 13 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION 1.9 ζ = 0.1 1.8 1.7 ζ = 0.2 1.6 ζ = 0.3 1.5 ζ = 0.4 ζ = 0.5 1.4 ζ = 0.6 1.3 φ 0 (t), Normalized Output Frequency ζ = 0.7 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 ζ = 0.8 0.8 ζ = 1.0 0.7 ζ = 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ωnt Figure 27. Type 2 Second-Order Step Response POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 21 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION basic design example The following design example presupposes that the input reference frequency and the required frequency of the VCO are within the respective ranges of the device. Assume the loop has to have a 100-µs settling time (ts) with a countdown divider N value = 8. Using the Type 1, second-order response curves of Figure 26, a value of 4.5 radians is selected for ωnts with a damping factor of 0.7. This selection gives a good combination for settling time, accuracy, and loop gain margin. The initial parameters are summarized in Table 7. The loop constants, KV and Kp, are calculated from the data sheet specifications and Table 8 shows these values. The natural loop frequency is calculated as follows: Since wnts + 4.5 Then (4) 4.5 + 45 k-radiansńsec wn + 100 ms Table 7. Design Parameters PARAMETER SYMBOL VALUE N 8 Divider value t 100 µs ωnt 4.5 rad ζ 0.7 Lockup time Radian value to selected lockup time UNITS Damping factor Table 8. Device Specifications PARAMETER SYMBOL VCO gain fMAX fMIN KV VIN MAX VIN MIN PFD gain Kp VALUE UNITS 76.6 Mrad/V/s 70 MHz 20 MHz 5 V 0.9 V 0.342357 V/rad Using the low-pass filter in Figure 25(b) and divider N value, the transfer function for phase and frequency are shown in equations 5 and 6. Note that the transfer function for phase differs from the transfer function for frequency by only the divider N value. The difference arises from the fact that the feedback for phase is unity while the feedback for frequency is 1/N. ȱȧ ȧȧ Ȳ Hence, transfer function of Figure 24 (a) for phase is: F2(s) + F1(s) N 22 @ Kp @) (T1 K V T2) s2 ƪ )s 1) @ @@ )@ ) ƫ 1 s T2 Kp K T2 V N (T1 T2) POST OFFICE BOX 655303 @) ) N@(T1 Kp K • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 ȳȧ ȧȧ ȴ V T2) (5) TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION ȱȧ ȧȧ Ȳ and the transfer function for frequency is: F OUT(s) F REF(s) Kp @ K V + (T1 ) T2) s2 Ǹ@@ ƪ )s@ 1) @ @ )@ @ ) ƫ 1 s T2 K p K T2 V N (T1 T2) @) ) N@(T1 Kp K ȳȧ ȧȧ ȴ (6) V T2) The standard two-pole denominator is D = s2 + 2 ζ ωn s + ωn2 and comparing the coefficients of the denominator of equation 5 and 6 with the standard two-pole denominator gives the following results: wn + Kp N (T1 K ) T2) V (7) Solving for T1 + T2 T1 ) T2 + KNp@@wKV2 ǒ n Ǔ and by using this value for T1 + T2 in equation 7 the damping factor is: z+ wn 2 @ T2 ) Kp @N K (8) V solving for T2: T2 + 2wz – Kp @N K (9) V then by substituting for T2 in equation 7 and solving for T1 as given in equation 10: T1 + KNV@@wKp2 – 2wnz ) Kp @N K n ȱȧ Ȳ (10) V ȳȧ ȴ From the circuit constants and the initial design parameters then: R1 + R2 + Kp ƪ @ @ wn2 2 z N * wn ) Kp @ K N Kv z N wn * Kp K 2 @ ƫ V 1 C1 V (11) 1 C1 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 (12) • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 23 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION The capacitor, C1, is usually chosen between 1 µF and 0.1 µF to allow for reasonable resistor values and physical capacitor size. In this example, C1 is chosen to be 0.1 µF and the corresponding R1 and R2 calculated values are listed in Table 9. Table 9. Calculated Values PARAMETER SYMBOL VALUE ωn 45000 rad/sec 3.277 Mrad/sec Natural angular frequency K = (KV • Kp)/N 24 UNITS Lag-lead filter Calculated value Nearest standard value R1 15870 16000 Ω Calculated value Nearest standard value R2 308 300 Ω Selected value C1 0.1 µF POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION The evaluation and operation schematic for the TLC2942I is shown in Figure 28. AVDD VDD 1 2 PLL1 VCO LOGIC VDD (digital) 38 VCO VDD SELECT 1/2 fosc R1† 37 BIAS 0.22 µF REF IN DGND 3 VCO OUT 4 FIN – A 5 FIN – B 6 PFD OUT VCOIN VCO GND R3 36 35 C2 R2 C1 VCOINHIBIT 34 AGND 7 Divide By N Phase Comparator LOGIC GND (Digital) PFD INHIBIT 33 GND 8 DGND S1 PLL2 S2 S3 DGND R4 R5 R6 DVDD † RBIAS resistor Figure 28. Evaluation and Operation Schematic POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 25 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 APPLICATION INFORMATION PCB layout considerations The TLC2942I contains high frequency analog oscillators; therefore, very careful breadboarding and printed-circuit-board (PCB) layout is required for evaluation. The following design recommendations benefit the TLC2942I user: D D D D D D 26 External analog and digital circuitry should be physically separated and shielded as much as possible to reduce system noise. RF breadboarding or RF PCB techniques should be used throughout the evaluation and production process. Wide ground leads or a ground plane should be used on the PCB layouts to minimize parasitic inductance and resistance. The ground plane is the better choice for noise reduction. LOGIC VDD and VCO VDD should be separate PCB traces and connected to the best filtered supply point available in the system to minimize supply cross-coupling. VCO VDD to GND and LOGIC VDD to GND should be decoupled with a 0.1-µF capacitor placed as close as possible to the appropriate device terminals. The no-connection (NC) terminal on the package should be connected to GND. POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 TLC2942 HIGH-PERFORMANCE DUAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP BUILDING BLOCK SLAS146B – NOVEMBER 1996 – REVISED JUNE 1997 MECHANICAL DATA DB (R-PDSO-G**) PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE PACKAGE 28 PIN SHOWN 0,38 0,22 0,65 28 0,15 M 15 0,15 NOM 8,20 7,40 5,60 5,00 Gage Plane 1 14 0,25 A 0°– 8° 1,03 0,63 Seating Plane 2,00 MAX 0,10 0,05 MIN PINS ** 8 14 16 20 24 28 30 38 A MAX 3,30 6,50 6,50 7,50 8,50 10,50 10,50 12,90 A MIN 2,70 5,90 5,90 6,90 7,90 9,90 9,90 12,30 DIM 4040065 / C 10/95 NOTES: A. B. C. D. All linear dimensions are in millimeters. This drawing is subject to change without notice. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion not to exceed 0,15. Falls within JEDEC MO-150 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 27 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability. TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. 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