HIGH VOLTAGE AND CURRENT CUT-OFF CAPACITY IN A COMPACT PACKAGE EP RELAYS FEATURES • Control of large voltages and currents The relays have a sealed construction that is filled with a hydrogen gas compound, and use a permanent magnet to establish a magnetic path for the arc. This allows them to switch high-level DC voltages of up to 400V DC. • Compact size and light weight The capsule contact construction is filled with a gas that has excellent thermal dissipation and insulation characteristics. Because of this we have been able to reduce the contact gap to one tenth that of conventional relays, and produce a compact and light design. • No arc space is required: size including arc space 1/9 (compared to conventional contactors) The arc is not exposed to the outside, therefore, no arc space is not required. • Safety construction The arc is not exposed, therefore, the contactor is explosion proof and intrinsically safe. • Quiet: operation noise 1/4 (compared to conventional contactors). Along with the above-mentioned miniaturization, the operation noise has been reduced to 70dB, and, in addition, the operation noise remains unchanged when a current of 1000A or more is interrupted. • High contact reliability The contact part is hermetically sealed, hence the contact resistance remains stable regardless of the ambient conditions. 150A 2 Form A 150A 1 Form A PC board type 60A TM type • Mounting direction is not specified The weight of the movable parts is light, and also the restoring force is large, hence the contactor is relatively unaffected by gravity. • Line-up of indicator types (150A Type only) 1 Form A and 1 Form B types with indicators for detecting welding of the main contacts are available. • Line-up of PC board type and TM type (10A type only) • 12 and 24V DC coil voltage types are available. • Screw terminal blocks for easy wiring. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS • AGV (Automatic guided vehicle) (motor control) • Electrical discharge machine (capacitor charge and discharge control) • Inverter control (Error cut-off circuit) • UPS (uninterruptible power supplies) • Solar power generation systems (battery control) • Unmanned transport carts • Battery inspection and testing equipment • Welding equipment • Elevator (Brake control) ORDERING INFORMATION Ex. A EP 1 5 0 12 Product Name Contact arrangement Contact rating Indicator contact arrangement EP 1: 1 Form A 2: 2 Form A 3: 1 Form A PC board type (10A type only) 5: 1 Form A TM type (10A type only) 1: 10A 5: 150A 6: 60A 0: without indicator contact 1: a contact (150A type only) 3: b contact (150A type only) All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Coil voltage 12: 12V DC 24: 24V DC 48: 48V DC (10A type only) X0: 100V DC (10A type only) EP TYPES AND COIL DATA (at 20°C 68°F) Part No. Coil voltage, V DC Pick-up voltage, V DC (max.) (at 20°C) Drop-out voltage, V DC (min.) (at 20°C) 12 V DC 9 V DC 1 V DC Nominal coil current, mA (±10%) (at 20°C) Operating power, W (12 V DC, at 20°C) Max. allowable voltage, V DC 2.8 A (at peak)* 35W (Inrush, approx. 0.1S) 5W (Stable) 16 V DC AEP25012* AEP15012* AEP16012 0.415 A Max. 5W AEP25024* 1.9 A (at peak)* 2.2 A (at peak)* 35W (Inrush, approx. 0.1S) Max. 5W (1 Form A) Max. 6W (2 Form A) 0.208 A Max. 5W AEP15024* 24 V DC 18 V DC 2 V DC AEP16024 32 V DC AEP31012 12 V DC 9 V DC 0.75 V DC 0.103 A (at peak)* 14 V DC AEP31024 24 V DC 18 V DC 1.50 V DC 0.052 A (at peak)* 28 V DC AEP31048 48 V DC 36 V DC 3.98 V DC 0.026 A (at peak)* 56 V DC AEP310X0 100 V DC 75 V DC 8.3 V DC 0.012 A (at peak)* 116 V DC AEP51012 12 V DC 9 V DC 0.75 V DC 0.103 A (at peak)* 14 V DC AEP51024 24 V DC 18 V DC 1.50 V DC 0.052 A (at peak)* 28 V DC AEP51048 48 V DC 36 V DC 3.98 V DC 0.026 A (at peak)* 56 V DC AEP510X0 100 V DC 75 V DC 8.3 V DC 0.012 A (at peak)* 116 V DC Approx.1.4W Approx.1.4W Note: *Same coil data as Indicator type. When using a DC power supply use one that has a leeway of at least 150% current capacity. Packing quantity Types 150A 2 Form A 150A 1 Form A 60A 1 Form A 10A 1 Form A SPARE PARTS Inner 1pc. 1pc. 1pc. 25pcs. Outer 5pcs. 10pcs. 20pcs. 100pcs. Installing parts M8 nut with washer for 150A type M5 screw for 60A type M4 screw for 30A type Bus bar for 60A type Part No. AEV801 AEV802 AEV803 AEV804 Packing Quantity 2pcs. 2pcs. 2pcs. 1pc. SPECIFICATIONS Contact Type Arrangement Nominal switching capacity (resistive load) Short term current Max. cut-off current Rating Overload opening/closing rating Reverse cut-off current Contact voltage drop (Max.) Nominal operating power Expected life (min. operations) Mechanical Electrical 150A type 1 Form A, 2 Form A 60A type 1 Form A 150A 400V DC 150A 277V AC 300A (10min) (harness wire: 40mm2) 2,500A 300V DC (3 cycles)#1 600A 300V DC (Min. 25 cycles) 60A 400V DC 60A 277V AC 120A (15min) (harness wire: 15mm2) 600A 300V DC (5 cycles) 180A 400V DC (Min. 100 cycles)#2 –300A 200V DC (Min. 25 cycles) 0.1V (When current [is 150A per 1] contact set) 35W (Inrush, approx 0.1s) 5W ( Stable ) 1 Form A: 105 2 Form A: 5 × 104 3 × 103 150A 400V DC (L/R & 1ms) –60A 200V DC (Min. 1,000 cycles)#2 0.1V (When current [is 60A per 1] contact set) 30A 400V DC (Min. 50 cycles) –10A 200V DC (Min. 2.5×103 cycles) 0.5V (When current [is 10A per 1] contact set) Max. 5W — 2 × 105 3 × 10 60A 400V DC (L/R & 1ms#2) 105 7.5 × 10 10A 400V DC (L/R & 1ms#2) 3 Notes: Same specifications as the 12 V type. #1 Condition: Nominal switching 100cycles, each cut off 2,500A #2 Conditions: Varistor used for coil surge absorption. Note: if a diode is used the life will be lower. All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. 10A type 1 Form A 10A 400V DC 15A (2min), 30A (30s) — 4 EP Characteristics Min. 100 MΩ (at 500 V DC)*1 Initial insulation resistance Between open contacts Initial breakdown voltage Between contact and coil Operate time (at 20°C) (at nominal voltage) Reset time (without diode) (at 20°C) (at nominal voltage) Functional Shock resistance Destructive Functional Vibration resistance Destructive Conditions for operation, transport and storage (Not freezing and condensing at low temperature) AC 2,500 Vrms for 1 min.*2 AC 2,500 Vrms for 1 min.*2 Max. 50ms*3 Max. 30ms*4 Min. 196 m/s2 {20 G}*5 Min. 490 m/s2 {50 G}*6 43 m/s2 {4.4 G} 10 to 200Hz*7 43 m/s2 {4.4 G} 10 to 200 Hz*8 –40°C to +80°C*9 –40°F to +176°F 5 to 85% R.H. 150 A 1 Form A: 600 g 21.16oz 150 A 2 Form A: 1,100 g 38.80oz 60 A: 340 g 12.00oz 10 A: 80 g 2.820oz Ambient temperature Humidity Unit weight Remarks *1 Measurement at same location as “Initial breakdown voltage” section. *2 Detection current: 10mA. *3 Nominal voltage applied to the coil,excluding bounce time. *4 Nominal voltage applied to the coil. *5 Half-wave pulse of sine wave: 11 ms; detection time: 10µs. *6 Half-wave pulse of sine wave: 6 ms. *7 Detection time: 10 µs. *8 3 directions,each 4 hours. *9 Storage:Max.85°C 185°F. Indicator ratings Arrangement Material Rating (resistive load) Contact resistance 1 Form A 1 Form B Gold-clad 0.1 A 30 V DC Max. 100 mΩ Note: Indicator type is only available for the 150 A type. DIMENSIONS mm inch 150A 2 Form A 4- φ 5 ±0 .5 .1 4- φ .2 17 ±.004 Schematic (TOP VIEW) 3 - 4 + 1 + 2 - 3- 6: Coil (–) 5: Coil (+) +4 7.7 .303 12 3 78 9 456 99 3– 4+ 1+ 2– 6 XYZ 8 9.5 34.0 73.0 .374 1.339 2.874 Both input and load sides have polarities (+) and (–). 7 5 90.0 78.0 ±0.2 3.543 3.071 ±.008 29.0 1.142 3.5 27.0 1.063 .138 66.0 2.598 ±0.2 ±.008 76.0 2.992 96.0 3.780 5 .197 Plate (Part No., rating, schematic and Lot No.) Mounting dimensions 76 2.992 M8 nut; AEV801 87.1 3.429 26.0 1.024 Coil input terminal (M3.5) 5 terminal: input (+) side 6 terminal: input (–) side 20.0 .787 (terminal height) 6 .236 -2 73.5 2.894 (terminal height) 1+ 78 3.071 4- φ 5.5 4- φ .217 26.0 1.024 13.0 .512 General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. EP 150A 2 Form A (Indicator Type) mm inch 4- φ 5 ±0 .5 .1 4- φ .2 17 ±.004 3 - Indicator input terminal (M3.5) 7 terminal: NO or NC 8 terminal: COM Schematic (TOP VIEW) 1 Form A 4 + 1 + 3- 2 - 6: Coil (–) 5: Coil (+) +4 78 9 12 3 456 99 Coil input terminal (M3.5) 5 terminal: input (+) side 6 terminal: input (–) side 6 XYZ 8 3– 34.0 73.0 1.339 2.874 7 7.7 .303 29.0 1.142 -2 3.5 27.0 1.063 .138 66.0 2.598 76.0 ±0.2 2.992 ±.008 96.0 3.780 1 Form B 5 .197 6: Coil (–) 5: Coil (+) 87.1 3.429 26.0 1.024 20.0 .787 (terminal height) 20.0 .787 (terminal height) M8 nut; AEV801 73.5 2.894 (terminal height) 1+ 6 .236 4+ 1+ 2– 8: Indicator: COM 7: Indicator: NO Both input and load sides have polarities (+) and (–). 5 78.0 ±0.2 ±.008 90.0 3.071 3.543 9.5 .374 3– 4+ 1+ 2– 8: Indicator: COM 7: Indicator: NC Both input and load sides have polarities (+) and (–). Mounting dimensions 76 2.992 26.0 1.024 13.0 .512 Plate (Part No., rating, schematic and Lot No.) 78 3.071 General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 4- φ 5.5 4- φ .217 150A 1 Form A ±0 0 .5 ±.0 φ 5 17 2- φ .2 2- Schematic (TOP VIEW) 7.7 .303 .1 6: Coil (–) 5: Coil (+) 6 4 1 + 2 - 12 3 - 2 Plate (Part No., rating, schematic and Lot No.) 2– Both input and load sides have polarities (+) and (–). 6 .236 3.5 .138 27.0 1.063 64.0 2.520 76.0 ±0.2 2.992 ±.008 94.0 3.701 Mounting dimensions M8 nut; AEV801 76 2- φ 5.5 2.992 2- φ .217 20.0 .787 (terminal height) 73.5 2.894 (terminal height) 87.1 3.429 21.0 .827 1+ Coil input terminal (M3.5) 5 terminal: input (+) side 6 terminal: input (–) side XYZ 1+ 19.5 .768 78 9 456 99 7 44.0 ±0.2 1.732 ±.008 29.0 1.142 5 8 56.0 2.205 10.8 .425 9.5 .374 44 1.732 26.0 1.024 13.0 .512 General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. EP 150A 1 Form A (Indicator Type) 0 .5 ±.0 φ5 7 2- φ .21 2- Indicator input terminal (M3.5) 7 terminal: NO or NC 8 terminal: COM mm inch Schematic (TOP VIEW) 1 Form A .1 ±0 7.7 .303 6: Coil (–) 5: Coil (+) 4 2 - 12 3 78 9 456 99 7 1+ 1+ 2– 8: Indicator: COM 7: Indicator: NO Both input and load sides have polarities (+) and (–). Coil input terminal (M3.5) 5 terminal: input (+) side 6 terminal: input (–) side XYZ 44.0 ±0.2 1.732 ±.008 (9.5) 29.0 (.374) 1.142 19.5 .768 56.0 2.205 5 8 17.8 .701 10.8 .425 9.5 .374 6 1 + 6 .236 - 2 3.5 27.0 64.0 ±0.2 76.0 94.0 1 Form B 6: Coil (–) 5: Coil (+) 20.0 .787 (terminal height) 73.5 2.894 (terminal height) 15.0 .591 (terminal height) M8 nut; AEV801 87.1 3.429 21.0 .827 1+ 2– 8: Indicator: COM 7: Indicator: NC Both input and load sides have polarities (+) and (–). Mounting dimensions 76 2- φ 5.5 2.992 2- φ .217 26.0 1.024 13.0 .512 Plate (Part No., rating, schematic and Lot No.) 44 1.732 General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 60A Schematic (TOP VIEW) 04 2- 2.2 5.5 ±0 17 ± .1 .0 76.0 2.992 61.0 ±0.2 2.402 ±.008 49.0 1.929 45.0 1.772 (17.9) (.705) 2.5 .098 φ 6: Coil 5: Coil φ 1+ Coil input terminal (M3.5) 6 38.0 30.2 26.0±0.2 13 1.496 1.189 1.024±.008 .512 1 9.5 .374 6.55 .258 2 - 5 + 7.7 .303 M4 screw: AEV803 (built-in) 79.9 3.146 63.9 2.516 Mounting dimension 13.0 .512 61 2.402 M5 screw: AEV802 20.0 .787 (terminal height) 62.0 2.441 (terminal height) Bus bar (15sq): AEV804 (built-in) 71.0 2.795 2– Load side has polarities (+) and (–). 26 1.024 26.0 1.024 Plate (Part No., rating, schematic and Lot No.) General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. 2- φ 5.5 2- φ .217 EP 10A PC board type mm inch 31.6 1.244 Schematic (TOP VIEW) 31.3 1.232 0.5 .020 3.0 .118 2 dia. .079 dia. 2 dia. .079 dia. 1.4 4.5 max. .055 .177 max. 34.0 1.339 62.4 2.457 55.9±0.3 2.201±.012 45.0 1.772 11.0±0.3 .433±.012 Coil input terminal 19.5 .768 2 6:Coil 5:Coil (1.0) (.039) 1 Load sides have polarities (+) and (–). Mounting dimensions After doing through-hole plating +.004 4-2.45+0.1 dia. 0 dia. 4-.096 0 Mounting hole 2-4.2 dia. 2-.165 dia. 8.6±0.3 .339±.012 2 6 9.5 16.5 .374 .650 16.5±0.3 .650±.012 37.9 1.492 1 5 4.5 .177 8.6 .339 19.6 .772 55.9 2.201 ±0.3 9.5 .374±.012 R2.3 .091 Notes: 1. We recommend through-hole plating with land on both sides. 2. Be careful of the insulation distance between land patterns with regards to the circuit voltage you will use. General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 10A TM type 66.8 2.630 55.9±0.3 2.201±.012 45.0 1.772 19.6 .772 8.6 .339 Load input terminal (+) #187 tab 0.5t 1 Coil input terminal #187 tab 0.5t 6:Coil Load sides have polarities (+) and (–). 11.3±0.3 .445±.012 6 2 31.6 37.9 1.2441.492 Load input terminal (–) #187 tab 0.5t 5:Coil 2 5 1 4.5±0.2 dia. .000±.008 dia. Schematic (TOP VIEW) 14.1±0.3 .555±.012 Mounting dimensions Mounting hole 2-4.2±0.1 dia. 2-.165±.004 dia. 19.5 .768 45 max. 1.772 max. 55.9±0.1 2.201±.004 31.7 5.7 1.248 .224 0.4 .016 General tolerance: less than 10 .394 ±0.3 ±.012 10 .394 to 50 1.969 ±0.6 ±.024 more than 50 1.969 ±1.0 ±.039 REFERENCE DATA 1-(1) Ambient temperature characteristics (150 A type) 1-(2) Ambient temperature characteristics 1-(3) Ambient temperature characteristics Sample: AEP16012, 3pcs Sample: AEP51012, 3pcs Sample: AEP15012, 3pcs 40 8 6 Ambient temperature °C °F 2 -20 -40 0 -4 -40 32 Ambient temperature, °C °F -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 40 74 20 68 Pick up voltage 60 110 Drop out voltage 80 146 x- -40 -40 -20 -4 x- 30 20 4 40 Variation ratio, % Variation ratio, % Variation ratio, % 10 Drop out voltage xAmbient temperature °C °F 10 0 32 –40 –40 20 68 40 74 60 110 –20 –4 Pick up voltage 0 20 68 80 146 -20 –10 Pick up voltage –20 -30 –30 -40 –40 All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. 20 x x 10 0 32 -10 x- 30 Drop out voltage 40 60 80 74 110 146 EP 2. Max. switching capacity 3-(1) Switching life curve (150A, 60A type) 1000 3-(2) Switching life curve (10A type) 100000 100 100 60A type DC, AC 400V resistive load 150A type DC, AC 400V resistive load 10 Life (cycle) 10000 Life (×103 cycle) Contact current, A 150A type DC, AC 400V resistive load 1000 10A type DC, AC 400V resistive load 100 10 10A type DC, AC 400V resistive load 1 1 10 100 60A type DC, AC 400V resistive load 1 1000 10 Contact voltage, V 100 1000 1 1 10 100 Contact current, V Contact current, V 4. Cut-off life curve 5. Carrying performance curve 105 1000 100 150A type DC400V resistive load Time (sec) 104 Life (cycle) 10 150A type (Electric cable 40mm2) 1000 10 100 60A type DC400V resistive load 1 100 1000 60A type (Electric cable 15mm2) 10 10000 Cut-off current, A 10 100 1000 Carrying current, A NOTES 1. When installing the relay, always use washers to prevent loosening of the screws. Tighten each of the screws within the rated ranges given below. Exceeding the maximum torque may result in breakage. Mounting is possible in either direction. • M8 screw (150 A main terminal): 8 to 10 N·m • M5 screw (150 A, 60 A main unit mounting section): 2.5N·m to 3.6N·m • M4 screw (60 A main terminal): 1.8 to 2.7 N·m • M3.5 screw (Input terminal): 0.84 to 1.2 N·m • M4 screw (10 A PC board type main unit mounting section): 0.98N·m to 1.2N·m (10 A TM type main unit mounting section): 1.8N·m to 2.7N·m 2. The coils (150 A type) and the contacts (10 A, 60 A, 150 A) of the relay are polarized. Please follow instructions in the connection schematic when connecting the coils and contacts. The 150 A type contains a reverse surge voltage absorption circuit; therefore a surge protector is not needed. We recommend installing a surge protector varistor (ZNR) for the 10 A and the 60 A types. Avoid using a diode as this may result in decreased cut-off capability. 3. As a general rule, do not use a relay if it has been dropped. 4. Avoid mounting the relay in strong magnetic fields (near a transformer or magnet) or close to an object that radiates heat. 5. Electrical life This relay is a high-voltage direct-current switch. In its final breakdown mode, it may lose the ability to provide the proper cut-off. Therefore, do not exceed the indicated switching capacity and life. (Please treat the relay as a product with limited life and replace it when necessary.) In the event that the relay loses cut-off ability, there is a possibility that burning may spread to surrounding parts, so configure the layout so that the power is turned off within one second. 6. Permeation life of internal gas This relay uses a hermetically encased contact (capsule contact) with gas inside. The gas has a permeation life that is affected by the temperature inside the capsule contact (ambient temperature + temperature rise due to flow of electrical current). For this reason, make sure the ambient operating temperature is between –40 and 80°C –40 and +176°F, and the ambient storage temperature is between –40 and 85°C –40 and +185°F. 7. The case is designed to remain in place during normal use and handling. If the case is removed, the relay will not function as intended and its performance cannot be guaranteed. 8. If the power is turned off and then immediately on after applying the rated voltage (current) continuously to the relay's coil and contact, the resistance of the coil will increase due to a rise in the coil temperature. This causes the pick-up voltage to rise, and possibly exceed the rated pick-up voltage. In these circumstances, take measures such as reducing the load current, limiting the duration of current flow, and applying a coil voltage higher than the rated operating voltage (quick start). 9. Coil operating power Pure DC current should be applied to the coil. The wave form should be rectangular. If it includes ripple, the ripple factor should be less than 5%. However, check the actual circuit since the characteristics may be slightly different. The coil must only be supplied with its rated voltage. The voltage waveform supplied to the coil should be rectangular. All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. EP 10. Don't exceed maximum coil voltage. Exceeding maximum allowable coil voltage on continuous basis will damage the relay and could case failure. 11. Ensure that the rated contacts voltage and current values are not exceeded. 12. The rated control capacity and life are given as guides. The contact life is heavily influenced by the type of load and other related conditions, and these factors must be kept in consideration when using the relay. 13. If you are using an inductive load (L load) such that L/R > 1 ms, add surge protection in parallel with the inductive load. If this is not done, the electrical life will decrease and cut-off failure may occur. 14. When using the 150 A type, mount it as far away as possible from Wireless transmitters or devices that may generate large surges. To prevent malfunctioning due to high emission levels, it may be neccessary to take measures for E.M.I., such as adding a line noise filter or an electromagnetic shield. 15. A slight amount of superimposed line noise may be generated in the input line the coil current control. It is recommended to install a line filter to reduce or eliminate this noise. 16. Ensure that the main terminals are clean from oils and other foreign matters. Contamination is likely to cause increase in the terminal's temperature. • 150A type: nominal cross sectional area: min. 38mm2. • 60A type: nominal cross sectional area: min. 14mm2. • 10A TM type: Faston terminal for #187 tab terminal, 0.5 mm board thickness (JIS C2809-1992 compliant, flat type connection terminal) Harness nominal cross sectional area Load input terminal: min. 1.3 mm2 Coil input terminal: min. 0.3 mm2 17. Avoid excessive stress on the terminals. Excessive stress can effect the performance of the contact operation. • M8 screw terminal (150A main terminal part) Terminal pulling up strength ; Max.100N per terminal The up-down rotation torque applied to the terminal ; Max.15N• m 18. Use 40N to 70N of force as a guide to fasten the terminal connected to the 10A TM type. Please use caution when inserting or removing the terminal as the relay tab terminal may cause injuly. 19. Place the PCB mount type (10A PCB type) securely by hand soldering after attaching it. Don't submerge assembled board in cleaning solution or water. Also, be careful not let flux overflow up from the PCB or adhere to the base of the relay. 20. Make sure the power is turned off when wiring. 21. Incorrect wiring may cause unexpected malfunction and failure. 22. For AC cut-off, there is no contact polarity. Confirm electrical life using actual load. In the case of DC cut-off, please note the contact polarity. 23. Lead-free solder (tin, silver and copper) is used as the spare solder for the terminals of the PCB mount type (10A PCB type). For Cautions for Use, see Relay Technical Information. All Rights Reserved © COPYRIGHT Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.