LTC4244/LTC4244-1 Rugged, CompactPCI Bus Hot Swap Controllers U FEATURES ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ DESCRIPTIO Controls –12V, 3.3V, 5V and 12V Supplies ±14.4V Absolute Maximum Rating for 12VIN and –12VIN Input Pins Insensitive to Supply Voltage Transients Adjustable Foldback Current Limit with Circuit Breaker LOCAL_PCI_RST# Logic On-Chip PRECHARGE Output Biases I/O Pins During Card Insertion and Extraction LTC4244-1 Designed for Applications without –12V Available in 20-Lead Narrow SSOP Package U APPLICATIO S ■ Hot Board Insertion into CompactPCI Bus , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. Hot Swap is a trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. CompactPCI is a trademark of the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group. The LTC®4244/LTC4244-1 are Hot SwapTM controllers that allow a board to be safely inserted into and removed from a CompactPCITM bus slot. External N-channel transistors control the 5V and 3.3V supplies while on-chip switches control the ±12V supplies. The 3.3V and 5V supplies can be ramped up at an adjustable rate. Electronic circuit breakers protect all four supplies against overcurrent faults. After the power-up cycle is complete, the TIMER pin capacitor serves as auxiliary VCC allowing the LTC4244/ LTC4244-1 to function without interruption in the presence of voltage spikes on the 12VIN supply. The PWRGD output indicates when all four supplies are within tolerance. The OFF/ON pin is used to cycle board power or reset the circuit breaker. The PRECHARGE output can be used to bias the bus I/O pins during card insertion and extraction. PCI_RST# is combined on-chip with HEALTHY# in order to generate LOCAL_PCI_RST#. U TYPICAL APPLICATIO C8 0.01µF PER POWER PIN 5V C9 0.01µF PER POWER PIN R1 0.005Ω 3.3VIN R21 1.8Ω Z1 CLOAD(5VOUT) Q1 IRF7457 CLOAD(3.3VOUT) Z3 Z2 R4 10Ω R3 10Ω Z4 C7 0.01µF 3.3VIN 3.3VSENSE GATE 3.3VOUT 5VIN 12VIN 12V 5VSENSE C1 R5 0.33µF 1k 5VOUT 12VOUT VEEIN –12V CLOAD(12VOUT) OFF/ON LTC4244 HEALTHY# PWRGD PCI_RST# RESETIN TIMER DRIVE RESETOUT GND PRECHARGE R15 1Ω C4 0.01µF R16 1Ω C5 0.01µF C3 4.7nF GROUND I/O PIN 1 I/O PIN 128 R13 10Ω I/O DATA LINE 1 • • • I/O DATA LINE 128 Z1, Z2: SMAJ12A • • • + FAULT R17 10k R10 18Ω VEEOUT –12V 100mA VEEOUT R18 10k LONG V(I/O) VOUT 12V 500mA + R19 1k BD_SEL# R20 1.2k VOUT 3.3V 7A + LONG 3.3V C6 0.01µF VOUT 5V 5A + R22 2.7Ω LONG 5V 3.3V R2 Q2 0.007Ω IRF7457 5VIN R11 10k R12 10k R9 24Ω Z3, Z4: SMAJ5.0A C2 0.082µF R6 10k LOCAL_PCI_RST# VOUT 3.3V R8 1k Q3 R7 12Ω 1V MMBT2222A ±10% R14 10Ω CLOAD(VEEOUT) • • • VIN 3.3V RESET# I/O #1 I/O #128 PCI BRIDGE CHIP 4244 F01 Figure 1. Typical Compact PCI Application 42441f 1 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 W W W AXI U U ABSOLUTE RATI GS U U W PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO (Notes 1, 2, 3) Supply Voltages 12VIN ................................................................ 14.4V VEEIN .............................................................. –14.4V Input Voltages (OFF/ON, RESETIN) ........– 0.3V to 13.5V Output Voltages (FAULT, PWRGD, RESETOUT) ...........................................................– 0.3V to 13.5V Analog Voltages and Currents 5VOUT, DRIVE, 5VIN, 3.3VSENSE, 3.3VIN, 3.3VOUT, 5VSENSE ...........................................................– 0.3V to 13.5V PRECHARGE, GATE ....................................... ±20mA VEEOUT ................................................ –14.4V to 0.3V TIMER, 12VOUT ........................................... – 0.3V to 14.4V Operation Temperature Range LTC4244C/LTC4244C-1 ........................... 0°C to 70°C LTC4244I/LTC4244I-1 ........................ – 40°C to 85°C Storage Temperature Range ................. – 65°C to 150°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec).................. 300°C ORDER PART NUMBER TOP VIEW 12VIN 1 20 12VOUT VEEIN 2 19 VEEOUT 5VOUT 3 18 3.3VOUT TIMER 4 17 3.3VIN OFF/ON 5 16 3.3VSENSE FAULT 6 15 GATE PWRGD 7 14 5VSENSE GND 8 13 5VIN RESETIN 9 12 PRECHARGE RESETOUT 10 LTC4244CGN LTC4244CGN-1 LTC4244IGN LTC4244IGN-1 11 DRIVE GN PACKAGE 20-LEAD PLASTIC SSOP TJMAX = 140°C, θJA = 135°C/ W Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. V12VIN = 12V, VEEIN = –12V, V3.3VIN = 3.3V, V5VIN = 5V, unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX IDD V12VIN Supply Current OFF/ON = 0V ● VLKO Undervoltage Lockout 12VIN, Ramping Down 5VIN, Ramping Down 3.3VIN, Ramping Down VEEIN, Ramping Up (LTC4244 Only) TIMER, Ramping Down, V12VIN = 6V ● ● ● ● ● VFB Foldback Current Limit Voltage VFB = (V5VIN – V5VSENSE), V5VOUT = 0V, TIMER = 0V VFB = (V5VIN – V5VSENSE), V5VOUT = 3V, TIMER = 0V VFB = (V3.3VIN – V3.3VSENSE), V3.3VOUT = 0V, TIMER = 0V VFB = (V3.3VIN – V3.3VSENSE), V3.3VOUT = 2V, TIMER = 0V VCB Circuit Breaker Trip Voltage VCB = (V5VIN – V5VSENSE), TIMER = FLOAT VCB = (V3.3VIN – V3.3VSENSE), TIMER = FLOAT tOC IGATE(UP) UNITS 4 10 8 4 2.25 –8.25 8.25 9 4.25 2.5 –9.25 9.25 10 4.5 2.75 –10.25 10.25 ● ● ● ● 11 46 11 46 16 51 16 51 21 56 21 56 mV mV mV mV ● ● 45 45 52 52 57 57 mV mV Overcurrent Fault Response Time (V5VIN – V5VSENSE) = 100mV, TIMER = FLOAT (V3.3VIN – V3.3VSENSE) = 100mV, TIMER = FLOAT ● ● 17 17 25 25 35 35 µs µs GATE Pin Output Current OFF/ON = 0V, VGATE = 2V, TIMER = 0V ● –20 –67 –100 µA IGATE(DN) VGATE = 5V, OFF/ON = 4V ● 20 60 100 µA IGATE(FAULT) OFF/ON = 0V, VGATE = 2V, TIMER = FLOAT, FAULT = 0V ● 4 8 16 mA V mA V V V V V ∆VGATE External Gate Voltage ∆VGATE = (V12VIN – VGATE), IGATE = –1µA ● 0.6 1 ∆V12V Internal Switch Voltage Drop ∆V12V = (V12VIN – V12VOUT), I = 500mA ● 225 600 mV ∆VVEE = (VEEOUT – VEEIN), IEE = 100mA ● 110 250 mV ∆VVEE 42441f 2 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS The ● denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25°C. V12VIN = 12V, VEEIN = –12V, V3.3VIN = 3.3V, V5VIN = 5V, unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX ICL Current Foldback 12VIN = 12V, 12VOUT = 0V, TIMER = 0V 12VIN = 12V, 12VOUT = 10V, TIMER = 0V VEEIN = –12V, VEEOUT = 0V, TIMER = 0V VEEIN = –12V, VEEOUT = –10V, TIMER = 0V TTS Thermal Shutdown Temperature Junction Temperature, Ramping Up VTH Power Good Threshold Voltage VIL UNITS ● ● ● ● –100 –550 50 350 –360 –850 225 610 –1000 –1500 350 870 12VOUT, Ramping Down 5VOUT, Ramping Down 3.3VOUT, Ramping Down VEEOUT, Ramping Up, LTC4244 Only ● ● ● ● 10.8 4.50 2.80 –10.8 Logic Input Low Voltage OFF/ON, RESETIN, FAULT ● VIH Logic Input High Voltage OFF/ON, RESETIN, FAULT ● IIN OFF/ON, RESETIN Input Current OFF/ON, RESETIN = 0V OFF/ON, RESETIN = 12V ● ● ±10 ±10 µA µA RESETOUT, FAULT Leakage Current RESETOUT, FAULT = 5V, OFF/ON = 0V, RESETIN = 3.3V ● ±10 µA PWRGD Output Current PWRGD = 5V, OFF/ON = 4V ● ±10 µA 5VSENSE Input Current 5VSENSE = 5V, 5VOUT = 0V ● 57 100 µA 3.3VSENSE Input Current 3.3VSENSE = 3.3V, 3.3VOUT = 0V ● 56 100 µA 5VIN Input Current 5VIN = 5V, TIMER = 0V ● 0.8 1.5 mA 3.3VIN Input Current 3.3VIN = 3.3V, TIMER = FLOAT 3.3VIN = 3.3V, TIMER = 0V ● ● 510 400 700 550 µA µA 5VOUT Input Current 5VOUT = 5V, OFF/ON = 0V, TIMER = 0V ● 107 200 µA 3.3VOUT Input Current 3.3VOUT = 3.3V, OFF/ON = 0V, TIMER = 0V ● 170 300 µA mA mA mA mA °C 150 11.1 4.61 2.90 –11.1 11.4 4.75 3.00 –11.4 V V V V 0.8 V 2 V PRECHARGE Input Current VPRECHARGE = 1V ● 0.1 10 µA ITIMER TIMER Pin Current OFF/ON = 0V, VTIMER = 0V OFF/ON = 5V, VTIMER = 5V ● ● 16 25 21 45 26 70 µA mA VTIMER TIMER Threshold Voltage TIMER_HI, (V12VIN – VTIMER), FAULT = 0V, Ramping Up TIMER_LO, VTIMER, Ramping Down ● ● 1.3 0.5 1.6 0.8 1.9 1.1 V V ∆VTIMER External Timer Voltage ∆VTIMER = (V12VIN – VTIMER), ITIMER = –1µA ● 1 V RDIS 12VOUT Discharge Resistance 5VOUT Discharge Resistance 3.3VOUT Discharge Resistance VEEOUT Discharge Resistance OFF/ON = 4V OFF/ON = 4V OFF/ON = 4V OFF/ON = 4V ● ● ● ● 1000 500 500 1000 Ω Ω Ω Ω VOL Output Low Voltage PWRGD, RESETOUT, FAULT, I = 1mA ● 0.4 V VPXG PRECHARGE Reference Voltage VDRIVE = 2V ● 1.05 V Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the life of a device may be impaired. Note 2: All currents into device pins are positive; all currents out of device pins are negative. All voltages are referenced to ground unless otherwise specified. 440 200 200 390 0.95 1 Note 3: The 12VIN and VEEIN pins will withstand transient surges up to ±15V, respectively, upon hot insertion. 42441f 3 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS 3.3V and 5V Current Foldback Profile 12VOUT Current vs 12VOUT Voltage 60 VEEOUT Current vs VEEOUT Voltage 1.0 –0.6 0.9 50 5V 30 20 CURRENT (A) 0.7 40 CURRENT (A) VOLTAGE (mV) –0.5 0.8 3.3V 0.6 0.5 0.4 –0.3 –0.2 0.3 0.2 10 –0.4 –0.1 0.1 0 0 0 2 3 VOLTAGE (V) 1 4 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 VOLTAGE (V) 10 4244 G01 12 0 –4 –6 –8 VOLTAGE (V) –10 4244 G02 12V Foldback Current Limit vs Temperature 12V Internal Switch Voltage Drop vs Temperature 0.6 0.30 VEEOUT = 10V 12VOUT = 10V –12 4244 G03 VEE Foldback Current Limit vs Temperature 0.9 0.8 –2 0.5 0.25 0.4 0.20 I12VOUT = 550mA 12VOUT = 0V 0.5 0.4 0.3 VOLTAGE (V) 0.6 CURRENT (A) CURRENT (A) 0.7 0.3 VEEOUT = 0V 0.2 0.15 0.10 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.1 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 0 –50 100 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G04 VOLTAGE (mV) VOLTAGE (V) 0.10 0.04 3.3VOUT = 2V 50 50 40 40 VOLTAGE (mV) 0.12 30 20 5VOUT = 0V 10 0.02 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G07 0 –50 100 60 5VOUT = 3V 0.06 75 3.3VIN Foldback Current Limit Voltage vs Temperature 60 0.08 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4244 G06 5VIN Foldback Current Limit Voltage vs Temperature IVEEIN = 100mA 0 –50 –25 4244 G05 VEE Internal Switch Voltage Drop vs Temperature 0.14 0 –50 100 30 20 3.3VOUT = 0V 10 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G08 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G09 42441f 4 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS 3.3VIN and 5VIN Circuit Breaker Trip Voltage vs Temperature 5VIN 51.6 51.2 TIME (µs) VOLTAGE (mV) 51.4 51.0 3.3VIN 50.8 50.6 25.0 3.94 24.5 3.93 24.0 3.92 CURRENT (mA) 52.0 51.8 12VIN Supply Current vs Temperature 3.3VIN and 5VIN Circuit Breaker Trip Filter Time vs Temperature 23.5 23.0 3.91 3.90 22.5 3.89 22.0 3.88 50.4 50.2 50.0 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 21.5 –50 100 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G10 3.87 –50 100 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G11 12VIN Undervoltage Lockout vs Temperature 100 4244 G12 5VIN Undervoltage Lockout vs Temperature VEEIN Undervoltage Lockout vs Temperature 9.30 –9.22 4.34 9.25 –9.24 4.32 RAMPING-UP RAMPING-UP 9.15 9.10 RAMPING-DOWN –9.28 –9.30 9.05 –9.32 9.00 –9.34 8.95 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4.30 VOLTAGE (V) –9.26 RAMPING-UP VOLTAGE (V) VOLTAGE (V) 9.20 4.26 4.24 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G13 RAMPING-DOWN 4.22 RAMPING-DOWN –9.36 –50 100 4.28 4.20 –50 100 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G14 3.3VIN Undervoltage Lockout vs Temperature 4244 G15 12VOUT Powergood Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 2.54 100 VEEIN Powergood Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 11.090 –11.050 11.085 –11.055 RAMPING-UP 2.53 2.50 2.49 2.48 11.070 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G16 11.055 –50 –11.060 –11.065 –11.070 –11.075 11.060 2.46 2.45 –50 11.075 11.065 RAMPING-DOWN 2.47 VOLTAGE (V) 11.080 2.51 VOLTAGE (V) VOLTAGE (V) 2.52 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G17 –11.080 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G18 42441f 5 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS 5VOUT Powergood Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 3.3VOUT Powergood Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 2.902 80 4.602 2.901 60 2.900 40 VOLTAGE (V) 4.600 4.599 4.598 4.597 4.596 CURRENT (µA) OFF/ON = 0V 4.601 VOLTAGE (V) Gate Pin Current vs Temperature 4.603 2.899 2.898 2.897 0 –20 2.896 –40 2.895 –60 OFF/ON = 4V 4.595 4.594 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 2.894 –50 100 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G19 –80 –50 100 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G20 Gate Pin Fault Current vs Temperature 16 20 4244 G21 Timer Pin Off Current vs Temperature Timer Pin On Current vs Temperature 20.30 FAULT = 0V 100 60 14 50 20.25 10 8 6 CURRENT (mA) CURRENT (µA) CURRENT (mA) 12 20.20 20.15 40 30 20 4 20.10 10 2 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 20.05 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 4244 G22 75 12VIN – VTIMER 100 VOL vs Temperature 700 250 600 12VOUT 1.62 200 RESETOUT 500 RESISTANCE (Ω) 1.60 VOLTAGE (V) 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 4244 G24 Discharge Resistance vs Temperature 1.64 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.52 VEEOUT 400 3.3VOUT 300 5VOUT 200 150 PWRGD 100 FAULT 1.50 50 100 1.48 1.46 –50 –25 4244 G23 Timer Threshold Voltage vs Temperature 1.66 0 –50 100 RESISTANCE (Ω) 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G25 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G26 0 –50 –25 0 25 50 TEMPERATURE (°C) 75 100 4244 G27 42441f 6 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U U U PI FU CTIO S 12VIN (Pin 1): 12V Supply Input. A 0.5Ω switch is connected between 12VIN and 12VOUT with a foldback current limit. An undervoltage lockout circuit prevents the switches from turning on while the 12VIN pin voltage is less than 9V. 12VIN also provides power to the LTC4244’s internal VCC node. VEEIN (Pin 2): –12V Supply Input. A 1Ω switch is connected between VEEIN and VEEOUT with a foldback current limit. An undervoltage lockout circuit prevents the switches from turning on while the VEEIN pin voltage is greater than –9.25V. The VEEIN undervoltage lockout function is disabled for the LTC4244-1. 5VOUT (Pin 3): 5V Output Sense. The PWRGD pin will not pull low until the 5VOUT pin voltage exceeds 4.61V. A 200Ω active pull-down discharges 5VOUT to ground when the power switches are turned off. TIMER (Pin 4): Current Fault Inhibit Timing Input and Auxiliary VCC. Connect a capacitor from TIMER to GND. When the LTC4244 is turned on, a 21µA pull-up current source is connected to TIMER. Current limit faults will be ignored until the voltage at the TIMER pin rises to within 1.6V of 12VIN. After the TIMER pin has completed ramping up, the TIMER capacitor serves as an auxiliary charge reservoir for VCC in the event the 12VIN pin voltage momentarily drops below the undervoltage lockout threshold voltage. When the LTC4244 is turned off (OFF/ON > 2V), the TIMER pin is pulled down to GND. After the TIMER pin voltage drops to within 0.8V of GND, the TIMER latch is reset and the part is ready for another power cycle. OFF/ON (Pin 5): Digital Input. Connect the CPCI BD_SEL# signal to the OFF/ON pin. When the OFF/ON pin is pulled low, the GATE pin is pulled high by a 67µA current source and the internal 12V and –12V switches are turned on. When the OFF/ON pin is pulled high, the GATE pin will be pulled to ground by a 60µA current source and the 12V and –12V switches turn off. FAULT (Pin 6): Open-Drain Digital I/O. FAULT is pulled low when a current limit fault is detected. Current limit faults are ignored until the voltage at the TIMER pin is within 1.6V of 12VIN. Once the TIMER cycle is complete, FAULT will pull low and the LTC4244 latches off in the event of an overcurrent fault. The part will remain in the latched off state until the OFF/ON pin is cycled high then low. Forcing the FAULT pin low with an external pull-down will cause the part to latch into the off state after a 25µs deglitching time. PWRGD (Pin 7): Open-Drain Digital Power Good Output. Connect the CPCI HEALTHY# signal to the PWRGD pin. PWRGD remains low while V12VOUT ≥ 11.1V, V3.3VOUT ≥ 2.9V, V5VOUT ≥ 4.61V, and VEEOUT ≤ –11.1V. When any of the supplies falls below its power good threshold voltage, PWRGD will go high after a 14µs deglitching time. GND (Pin 8): Device Ground. RESETIN (Pin 9): Digital Input. Connect the CPCI PCI_RST# signal to the RESETIN pin. Pulling the RESETIN pin low will cause RESETOUT to pull low. RESETOUT will also pull low when PWRGD is high. 42441f 7 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U U U PI FU CTIO S RESETOUT (Pin 10): Open-Drain Digital Output. Connect the CPCI_LOCAL_RST# signal to the RESETOUT pin. RESETOUT is the logical combination of the RESETIN and PWRGD. DRIVE (Pin 11): Precharge Base Drive Output. Provides base drive for an external NPN emitter-follower that in turn biases the PRECHARGE node. PRECHARGE (Pin 12): Precharge Monitor Input. An internal error amplifier servos the DRIVE pin voltage to keep the PRECHARGE node at 1V. See Applications Information for generating voltages other than 1V. If not used, tie the PRECHARGE pin to ground. GATE (Pin 15): High Side Gate Drive for the External 3.3V and 5V N-Channel Pass Transistors. An external series RC network is required for current limit loop compensation and setting the minimum ramp-up time. During power-up, the slope of the voltage rise at the GATE is set by the 67µA current source connected through a Schottky diode to 12VIN and the external capacitor connected to GND (C1 in Figure 1) or by the 3.3V or 5V current limit and the bulk capacitance in the 3.3VOUT or 5VOUT supply lines. During power down, the slew rate of the GATE voltage is set by the 60µA current source connected to GND and the external GATE capacitor (C1 in Figure 1). 5VIN (Pin 13): 5V Supply Sense Input. An undervoltage lockout circuit prevents the switches from turning on when the voltage at the 5VIN pin is less than 4.25V. The voltage at the GATE pin will be modulated to maintain a constant current when either the 5V or 3.3V supplies go into current limit. In the event of an overcurrent fault, the GATE pin is immediately pulled to GND. 5VSENSE (Pin 14): 5V Current Limit Sense. With a sense resistor placed in the supply path between 5VIN and 5VSENSE, the GATE pin voltage will be adjusted to maintain a constant 51mV across the sense resistor and a constant current through the switch while the TIMER pin is low. A foldback feature makes the current limit decrease as the voltage at the 5VOUT pin approaches GND. When the TIMER pin is high, the circuit breaker function is enabled. If the voltage across the sense resistor exceeds 52mV, the circuit breaker is tripped after a 25µs time delay. In the event of a short-circuit or large overcurrent transient condition, the GATE pin voltage will be adjusted to maintain a constant 150mV across the sense resistor and a constant current through the switch. 3.3VSENSE (Pin 16): 3.3V Current Limit Sense. With a sense resistor placed in the supply path between 3.3VIN and 3.3VSENSE, the GATE pin voltage will be adjusted to maintain a constant 51mV across the sense resistor and a constant current through the switch while the TIMER pin is low. A foldback feature makes the current limit decrease as the voltage at the 3.3VOUT pin approaches GND. When the TIMER pin is high, the circuit breaker function is enabled. If the voltage across the sense resistor exceeds 52mV, the circuit breaker is tripped after a 25µs time delay. In the event of a short-circuit or large overcurrent transient condition, the GATE pin voltage will be adjusted to maintain a constant 150mV across the sense resistor and a constant current through the switch. If no 3.3V input supply is available, short the 3.3VSENSE pin to the 5VIN pin. 42441f 8 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U U U PI FU CTIO S 3.3VIN (Pin 17): 3.3V Supply Sense Input. An undervoltage lockout circuit prevents the switches from turning on when the voltage at the 3.3VIN pin is less than 2.5V. If no 3.3V input supply is available, short the 3.3VIN pin to the 5VIN pin. 3.3VOUT (Pin 18): Analog Input Used to Monitor the 3.3V Output Supply Voltage. The PWRGD pin cannot pull low until the 3.3VOUT pin voltage exceeds 2.9V. If no 3.3V input supply is available, tie the 3.3VOUT pin to the 5VOUT pin. A 200Ω active pull-down discharges 3.3VOUT to ground when the power switches are turned off. VEEOUT (Pin 19): -12V Supply Output. A 1Ω switch is connected between VEEIN and VEEOUT. VEEOUT must be less than –11.1V before the PWRGD pin pulls low. The VEEOUT power good comparator is disabled for the LTC4244-1. A 390Ω active pull-up discharges VEEOUT to ground when the power switches are turned off. 12VOUT (Pin 20): 12V Supply Output. A 0.5Ω switch is connected between 12VIN and 12VOUT. 12VOUT must exceed 11.1V before the PWRGD pin can pull low. A 440Ω active pull-down discharges 12VOUT to ground when the power switches are turned off. 42441f 9 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 W BLOCK DIAGRA 17 16 15 14 13 3.3VIN GND 8 3.3VSENSE GATE 5VSENSE VCC 5VIN 5VOUT 3.3VOUT 67µA 50mV –+ +– – 60µA + VEEIN –+ – 50mV + CP_OFF TIMER_LO ≥ 50mV TIMER_HI ≥ 150mV UVL MONITOR –+ + – +– – 5V CURRENT FAULT +– 3.3V CURRENT FAULT + TIMER_LO ≥ 50mV TIMER_HI ≥ 150mV FAULT 8µs RISING EDGE DELAY 6 12VIN REF VCC 21µA TIMER_HI VCC 4 VCC UVL RESET 5 7 10 THERMAL FAULT TIMER 46µs FALLING EDGE DELAY CP_OFF 25µs RISING EDGE DELAY 5V CURRENT FAULT 3.3V CURRENT FAULT VEE CURRENT FAULT 12V CURRENT FAULT S Q R Q TIMER_HI S Q R Q TIMER_LO OFF/ON PWRGD VCC 14µs FALLING EDGE DELAY RESETOUT THERMAL SHUTDOWN 5VIN THERMAL FAULT 4R DRIVE – 11 R 9 RESETIN + VCC PRECHARGE CP_OFF THERMAL FAULT 1 12V SWITCH CONTROL REFERENCE 12V CURRENT FAULT REF 12VOUT 12VIN 5VOUT CP_OFF 3.3VOUT CHARGE PUMP POWER GOOD MONITOR REF 2 VEE SWITCH CONTROL 20 3 18 CP_OFF VEEOUT VEEIN CP_OFF THERMAL FAULT VCC 12 19 4244 BD VEE CURRENT FAULT 42441f 10 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Hot Circuit Insertion When a circuit board is inserted into a live CompactPCI (CPCI) bus, the supply bypass capacitors can draw huge inrush currents from the CPCI power bus as they charge up. These transient currents can create glitches on the power bus, causing other boards in the system to reset. The LTC4244 is designed to turn a board’s back-end supply voltages on and off in a controlled manner, allowing the board to be safely inserted or removed from a live CPCI connector without glitching the system power supplies. It also protects the system supplies from shorts, precharges the bus I/O connector pins during hot insertion and extraction, and monitors the supply voltages. The LTC4244 is specifically designed for CPCI applications where the Hot Swap controller resides on the plugin board. LTC4244 Feature Summary • Allows safe insertion and removal from a CPCI backplane. • Controls all four CPCI supplies: -12V, 12V, 3.3V and 5V. • Current limit during power up: the supplies are allowed to power up in current limit. This allows the LTC4244 to power up boards with widely varying capacitive loads without tripping the circuit breaker. The maximum allowable power-up time is adjustable using the TIMER pin capacitor. • Internal 12V and –12V power switches. • PWRGD output: monitors the voltage status of the four back-end supply voltages. • PCI_RST# combined on chip with HEALTHY# to create LOCAL_PCI_RST# output. Simply connect the PCI_RST# signal to the RESETIN pin and the LOCAL_PCI_RST# signal to the open-drain RESETOUT pin. • Precharge output: on-chip reference and error amplifier provide 1V for biasing bus I/O connector pins during CPCI card insertion and extraction. • TIMER/AUX. VCC: After power-up, the TIMER pin capacitor serves as auxiliary VCC, thus enabling the LTC4244 to ride out large voltage spikes on the 12VIN supply without interruption. • Adjustable foldback current limit for the 5V and 3.3V supplies: an adjustable analog current limit with a value that depends on the output voltage. If the output is shorted to ground the current limit drops to keep power dissipation and supply glitches to a minimum. • Undervoltage lockout: All four input voltages are protected by undervoltage lockouts. • 12V and –12V circuit breakers: if either supply remains in analog foldback current limit for more than 25µs, the circuit breakers will trip, the supplies are turned off and the FAULT pin is pulled low. The LTC4244 is pin-for-pin compatible with the LTC1644. There are, however, some important differences between the two parts: • Adjustable 5V and 3.3V circuit breakers: if either supply exceeds its current limit for more than 25µs, the circuit breaker will trip, the supplies will be turned off and the FAULT pin is asserted low. In the event of a short circuit on either supply, an analog current limit will prevent the supply current from exceeding three times the circuit breaker threshold current. • Space saving 20-pin SSOP package. LTC4244 vs LTC1644 • TIMER: The LTC4244’s TIMER pin threshold voltage is 1.6V below V12VIN vs 1V for the LTC1644. After powerup, the LTC4244’s TIMER pin also doubles as auxiliary VCC. • VEEIN UVL: The LTC4244 has a –9.5V UVL threshold protecting the VEEIN supply. The LTC1644 has no VEEIN UVL feature. 42441f 11 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO • 5VIN UVL Threshold Voltage: The LTC4244’s 5VIN UVL threshold voltage is 4.25V vs. 2.5V for the LTC1644. • VEEOUT PWRGD Threshold Voltage: The LTC4244 VEEOUT power good threshold voltage is –11.1V vs –10.5V for the LTC1644. • Absolute Maximum Ratings: The LTC4244’s absolute maximum ratings for the 12VIN and VEEIN pins are ±14.4V, respectively, vs ±13.2V for the LTC1644. • 5V/3.3V Circuit Breakers: If a short-circuit occurs after power-up, the LTC4244 actively limits the voltage dropped across the external 5V and 3.3V sense resistors to 150mV for 25µs before tripping the circuit breaker. In the event either the 5V or 3.3V sense resistor voltage exceeds 150mV, the LTC1644 trips the circuit breaker without delay. • 5V/3.3V Circuit Breaker Threshold Voltage: The LTC4244 threshold voltage is 52mV ±5mV vs 55mV ±15mV for the LTC1644. • External Gate Voltage: After power-up, the voltage drop from the 12VIN pin to the GATE pin is 0.6V for the LTC4244 vs 50mV for the LTC1644. Hot Plug Power-Up Sequence The LTC4244 is specifically designed for hot plugging CPCI boards. The typical application circuit is shown in Figure 1. CPCI Connector Pin Sequence The staggered lengths of the CPCI male connector pins ensure that all power supplies are physically connected to the LTC4244 before back-end power is allowed to ramp up (BD_SEL# asserted low). The long pins, which include 5V, 3.3.V, V(I/O) and GND, mate first. The short BD_SEL# pin mates last. At least one long 5V power pin must be connected to the LTC4244 in order for the PRECHARGE voltage to be available during the insertion sequence. The following is a typical hot insertion sequence: 1. ESD clips make contact. 2. Long power and ground pins make contact and Early Power is established. The 1V precharge voltage becomes valid at this stage of insertion. Power is also applied to the pull-up resistors connected to the FAULT, PWRGD and OFF/ON pins. All power switches are held off at this stage of insertion. 3. Medium length pins make contact. Both FAULT and PWRGD continue to be pulled up high at this stage in the hot plug sequence, and the power switches are still held off. The 12V and –12V connector pins also make contact at this stage. Zener clamps Z1 and Z2 plus shunt RC snubbers R16-C5 and R15-C4 help protect the VEEIN and 12VIN pins, respectively, from large voltage transients during hot insertion. The signal pins also connect at this point. These include the HEALTHY# signal (which is connected to the PWRGD pin), the PCI_RST# signal (which is connected to the RESETIN pin) and the I/O connector pins (which are biased at 1V by the LTC4244’s precharge circuit). 4. Short pins make contact. The BD_SEL# signal is connected to the OFF/ON pin. If the BD_SEL# signal is grounded on the backplane, the plug-in card power-up cycle begins immediately. System backplanes that do not ground the BD_SEL# signal will instead have circuitry that detects when BD_SEL# makes contact with the plug-in board. The system logic can then control the power up process by pulling BD_SEL# low. Power-Up Sequence The back-end 3.3VOUT and 5VOUT power planes are isolated from the 3.3VIN and 5VIN power planes by external N-channel pass transistors Q1 and Q2, respectively. Internal pass transistors isolate the back-end 12VOUT and VEEOUT power planes from the 12VIN and VEEIN power planes. 42441f 12 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Sense resistors R1 and R2 provide current fault detection and R5 and C1 provide current control loop compensation as well as ramp rate control for the GATE pin voltage. Resistors R3 and R4 prevent high frequency oscillations in MOSFET’s Q1 and Q2. A power-up sequence begins when the OFF/ON pin is pulled low (Figure 2). This enables the pass transistors to turn on and an internal 21µA current source is connected to TIMER. Once the pass transistors begin to conduct current, the supplies will start to power up. Current limit faults are ignored while the TIMER pin voltage is ramping up and is less than (12VIN – 1.6V). When all four supply voltages are within tolerance, HEALTHY# will pull low and LOCAL_PCI_RST# is free to follow PCI_RST#. Power-Down Sequence When the BD_SEL# signal is pulled high, a power-down sequence begins (Figure 3). Internal switches are connected to each of the output voltage supply pins to discharge the bypass capacitors to ground. The TIMER pin is immediately pulled low. The GATE pin is pulled down by a 60µA current source to prevent the load currents on the 3.3V and 5V supplies from going to zero instantaneously and glitching the power supply voltages. When any of the output voltages dips below its threshold, the HEALTHY# signal pulls high and LOCAL_PCI_RST# will be asserted low. TIMER 10V/DIV TIMER 10V/DIV GATE 10V/DIV GATE 10V/DIV 12VOUT 10V/DIV 5VOUT 10V/DIV 3.3VOUT 10V/DIV VEEOUT 10V/DIV 12VOUT 10V/DIV 5VOUT 10V/DIV 3.3VOUT 10V/DIV VEEOUT 10V/DIV BD_SEL# 10V/DIV BD_SEL# 10V/DIV HEALTHY# 10V/DIV HEALTHY# 10V/DIV LCL_PCI_RST# 10V/DIV LCL_PCI_RST# 10V/DIV 10ms/DIV Figure 2. Normal Power-Up Sequence 4244 F02 20ms/DIV 4244 F03 Figure 3. Normal Power-Down Sequence 42441f 13 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Once the power-down sequence is complete, the CPCI card may be removed from the slot. During extraction, the precharge circuit continues to bias the bus I/O connector pins at 1V until the long 5V and 3.3V connector pin connections are broken. The maximum power-up time for this condition can be approximated by: GATE Pin Capacitor Selection where VTH,MOSFET(MAX) is the maximum threshold voltage of the external 5V or 3.3V MOSFET. Both the load capacitance and the LTC4244’s GATE pin capacitor (C1 in Figure 1) affect the ramp rate of the 5VOUT and 3.3VOUT voltages. The precise relationship can be expressed as: ILIMIT(5V) – ILOAD(5V) dVOUT IGATE = or = or dt C1 CLOAD(5VOUT) = (1) ILIMIT(3.3V) – ILOAD(3.3V) CLOAD(3.3VOUT) whichever is slowest. The power-up time for any of the LTC4244’s outputs where the inrush current is constrained by that supply’s foldback current limit can be approximated as: ton(nVOUT) < 2 • CLOAD • n VOUT ILIMIT(nVOUT) – ILOAD(nVOUT) (2) Where n VOUT = 5VOUT, 3.3VOUT, 12VOUT or VEEOUT. For example, if CLOAD=2000µF, ILIMIT(5VOUT) = 6A and ILOAD(5VOUT) = 5A, the 5VOUT turn-on time will be less than 20ms. If the value of C1 is large enough that it alone determines the output voltage ramp rate, then the magnitude of the inrush current initially charging the load capacitance is: IINRUSH = CLOAD • IGATE C1 (3) tON < (VOUT + VTH,MOSFET(MAX)) • C1(MAX) IGATE(MIN) (4) In general, the edge rate (dI/dt) at which the back-end 5V and 3.3V supply currents are turned on can be limited by increasing the size of C1. Applications that are sensitive to the edge rate should characterize how varying the size of C1 reduces dI/dt for the external MOSFET selected for a particular design. In the event of a short-circuit or overcurrent condition, the LTC4244’s GATE pin can be pulled down within 2µs since a 1kΩ (R5 in Figure 1) decouples C1 from the gates of the external MOSFET’s (Q1 and Q2 in Figure 1). TIMER Pin Capacitor Selection During a power-up sequence, a 21µA current source is connected to the TIMER pin and current limit faults are ignored until the voltage ramps to within 1.6V of 12VIN. This feature allows the part to power up large capacitive loads using its foldback current limit. The TIMER inhibit period can be expressed as: t TIMER = CTIMER • (12VIN – VTIMER ) ITIMER (5) The timer period should be set longer than the duration of any inrush current that exceeds the LTC4244’s foldback current limit but yet be short enough not to exceed the maximum, safe operating area of the external 5V and 3.3V pass transistors in the event of a short circuit (see Design Example). As a design aid, the TIMER period as a function of the timing capacitor using standard values from 0.1µF to 0.82µF is shown in Table 1. 42441f 14 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Table 1. tTIMER vs CTIMER Short-Circuit Protection CTIMER (±10%) tTIMER(MIN) tTIMER(MAX) 0.1µF 35ms 74ms 0.22µF 77ms 162ms 0.33µF 115ms 243ms 0.47µF 164ms 346ms 0.68µF 238ms 500ms 0.82µF 287ms 603ms During a normal power-up sequence, if the TIMER pin is done ramping and any supply is still in current limit all of the pass transistors will be immediately turned off and FAULT will be pulled low as shown in Figure 4. In order to prevent excessive power dissipation in the pass transistors and prevent voltage spikes on the supplies during short-circuit conditions, the current limit on each supply is designed to be a function of the output voltage. As the output voltage drops, the current limit decreases. Unlike a traditional circuit breaker function where large currents can flow before the breaker trips, the current foldback feature guarantees that the supply current will be kept at a safe level. The TIMER pin is immediately pulled low when the BD_SEL# pin signal goes high. Thermal Shutdown The internal switches for the 12V and –12V supplies are protected by a thermal shutdown circuit. When the junction temperature of the die reaches 150°C, all switches will be latched off and the FAULT pin will be pulled low. If either the 12V or –12V supply exceeds current limit after power-up, the shorted supply’s current will drop TIMER 10V/DIV GATE 10V/DIV 3.3VOUT 10V/DIV 5VOUT 10V/DIV 12VOUT 10V/DIV VEEOUT 10V/DIV BD_SEL# 10V/DIV HEALTHY# 10V/DIV LCL_PCI_RST# 10V/DIV FAULT 10V/DIV 20ms/DIV 4244 F04 Figure 4. Power-Up Into a Short on a 3.3V Output 42441f 15 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO immediately to its ILIMIT value. If that supply remains in current limit for more than 25µs, all of the supplies will be latched off. The 25µs prevents quick current spikes—for example, from a fan turning on—from causing false trips of the circuit breaker. After power-up, the 5V and 3.3V supplies are protected from short circuits by dual-level circuit breakers. In the event that either supply’s current exceeds the nominal current limit, an internal timer is started. If the supply is still overcurrent after 25µs, the circuit breaker trips and all the supplies are turned off (Figure 5). An analog current limit loop prevents the supply current from exceeding 3× the nominal current limit in the event of a short circuit (Figure 6). The LTC4244 will stay in the latched off state until the OFF/ON pin is cycled high then low or the 12VIN power supply is cycled low then high. resistor. As shown in Figure 1, a sense resistor is connected between 5VIN and 5VSENSE for the 5V supply. For the 3.3V supply, a sense resistor is connected between 3.3VIN and 3.3VSENSE. The typical current limit and the foldback current levels are given by Equations 6 and 7: ILIMIT(nVOUT) = 51mV RSENSE(nVOUT) IFOLDBACK(nVOUT) = (6) 16 mV RSENSE(nVOUT) (7) where n VOUT = 5VOUT or 3.3VOUT. The current limit for the internal 12V switch is set at 850mA folding back to 360mA and the –12V switch at 610mA folding back to 225mA. The current limit and the foldback current level for the 5V and 3.3V outputs are both a function of the external sense GATE 20V/DIV GATE 20V/DIV 5VOUT 10V/DIV 3.3VOUT 5V/DIV FAULT 5V/DIV FAULT 5V/DIV TIMER 20V/DIV TIMER 20V/DIV 5VIN – 5VSENSE 100mV/DIV 3VIN – 3VSENSE 500mV/DIV 10µs/DIV Figure 5. Overcurrent Fault on 5V Output 4244 F05 10µs/DIV 4244 F06 Figure 6. Short-Circuit Fault on 3.3V Output 42441f 16 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Calculating RSENSE Determining the most appropriate value for the sense resistor first requires knowing the maximum current needed by the load under worst-case conditions. Two other parameters affect the value of the sense resistor. First is the tolerance of the LTC4244’s circuit breaker threshold voltage. The LTC4244’s nominal circuit breaker threshold voltage is VCB(NOM) = 52mV; however it exhibits ±5mV tolerance over process and temperature. Second is the tolerance (RTOL) of the sense resistor. Sense resistors are available in RTOL’s of ±1%, ±2% and ±5% and exhibit temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR’s) between ±75ppm/°C and ±100ppm/°C. How the sense resistor changes as a function of temperature depends on the I2 • R power being dissipated by it. The power rating of the sense resistor should accommodate steady-state fault current levels so that the component is not damaged before the circuit breaker trips. Table 2 lists ITRIP(MIN) and ITRIP(MAX) versus some suggested values of RSENSE. Table 7 lists manufacturers and part numbers for these resistor values. Table 2. ITRIP vs RSENSE RSENSE (1% RTOL) ITRIP(MIN) ITRIP(MAX) 0.005Ω 9.31A 11.5A 0.007Ω 6.6A 8.2A 0.011Ω 4.2A 5.2A Output Voltage Monitor The status of all four output voltages is monitored by the power good function. In addition, the PCI_RST# signal is logically combined on-chip with the HEALTHY# signal to create LOCAL_PCI_RST# (see Table 3). As a result, LOCAL_PCI_RST# will be pulled low whenever HEALTHY# is pulled high independent of the state of the PCI_RST# signal. If any of the output voltages drop below the power good threshold for more than 14µs, the PWRGD pin will be pulled high and the LOCAL_PCI_RST# signal will be asserted low. Table 3. LOCAL_PCI_RST# Truth Table PCI_RST# HEALTHY# LOCAL_PCI_RST# LO LO LO LO HI LO HI LO HI HI HI LO Precharge The PRECHARGE input and DRIVE output pins are intended for use in generating the 1V precharge voltage that is used to bias the bus I/O connector pins during board insertion and extraction. The LTC4244 is also capable of generating precharge voltages other than 1V. Figure 7 shows a circuit that can be used in applications requiring a precharge voltage of less than 1V. The circuit in Figure␣ 8 can be used for applications that need precharge voltages greater than 1V. Precharge resistors are used to connect the 1V bias voltage to the I/O lines with minimal disturbance. Figure 1 shows the precharge application circuit for 5V signaling. The precharge resistor requirements are more stringent for 3.3V and Universal Hot Swap boards. If the total leakage current on the I/O line is less 2µA, then a 50k resistor can be connected directly from the 1V bias voltage to the I/O line. However, many ICs connected to the I/O lines can have leakage currents up to 10µA. For these applications, a 10k resistor is used but must be disconnected when the board is seated as determined by the state of the BD_SEL# signal. Figure 9 shows a precharge circuit that uses a bus switch to connect the individual 10k precharge resistors to the LTC4244’s 1V PRECHARGE pin. The electrical connection is made (bus switches closed) when the voltage on the BD_SEL# pin of the plug-in card is pulled-up to 5VIN, which occurs just after the long pins have made contact. The bus switches are electrically disconnected when the short, BD_SEL# connector pin makes contact and the 42441f 17 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO LTC4244* LTC4244* GND PRECHARGE 8 12 4.7nF 18Ω 5% R10A DRIVE GND 11 8 VPRECHARGE = 12Ω 5% R10A 11 4.7nF 18Ω 5% 1k 5% 12Ω 5% 3.3VIN Q3 PRECHARGE OUT MMBT2222A VPRECHARGE = R10A + R10B • 1V R10A R10A • 1V R10A + R10B *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY 4244 F07 C9 0.01µF PER POWER PIN 5VIN PCB EDGE BACKPLANE CONNECTOR R22 2.7Ω 13 5V IN R20 1.2k 5% LONG 5V R19 1k 5% BD_SEL# C7 0.01µF 4244 F08 Figure 8. Precharge Voltage >1V Application Circuit Figure 7. Precharge Voltage <1V Application Circuit BACKPLANE CONNECTOR DRIVE R10B 3.3VIN Q3 MMBT2222A *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY 5V 12 1k 5% R10B PRECHARGE OUT PRECHARGE Z4 LTC4244* 5 OFF/ON GND PRECHARGE 8 DRIVE 12 11 R9 24Ω R10 18Ω 5% C3 4.7nF GROUND R23 51.1k 5% 100Ω 0.1µF Q2 MMBT3906 R24 75k 5% OE R13 10Ω 5% I/O PIN 1 Q3 R7 MMBT2222A 12Ω 5% PRECHARGE OUT 1V ±10% IOUT = ±55mA UP TO 128 I/O LINES I/O PIN 128 Z4: SMAJ5.0A *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY 3VIN I/O • • • R14 10Ω 5% IN VDD BUS SWITCH OUT OUT R11 R12 10k 10k 5% 5% • • • • • • DATA BUS R8 1k 5% I/O PCI BRIDGE CHIP 4244 F09 Figure 9. Precharge Bus Switch Application Circuit for 3.3V and Universal Hot Swap Boards 42441f 18 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO BD_SEL# voltage drops below 4.4V thus causing the bus switch OE to be pulled high by Q2. The CompactPCI specification assumes that there is a diode to 3.3V on the circuit that is driving the BD_SEL# pin. The 1.2k resistor pull-up to 5VIN on the plug-in card will be clamped by the diode to 3.3V. If the BD_SEL# pin is being driven high, the actual voltage on the pin will be approximately 3.9V. This is still above the high TTL threshold of the LTC4244 OFF/ON pin, but low enough for Q2 to disable the bus switches and thus disconnect the 10k precharge resistors from the I/O lines. Since the power to the bus switch is derived from a front-end power plane, a 100Ω resistor should be placed in series with the power supply of the bus switch. When the plug-in card is removed from the connector, the BD_SEL# connection is broken first, and the BD_SEL# voltage pulls up to 5VIN. This causes Q2 to turn off, which re-enables the bus switch, and the precharge resistors are again connected to the LTC4244 PRECHARGE pin for the remainder of the extraction process. Other CompactPCI Applications The LTC4244-1 is designed for CompactPCI designs where the –12V supply is not being used on the plug-in board. The VEEOUT power good comparator, VEEIN UVL, and VEE circuit breaker functions are disabled. The VEEIN pin should be connected to GND and the VEEOUT pin left floating if a –12V output is not needed. If no 3.3V supply input is required, Figure 10 illustrates how the LTC4244 should be configured: 3.3VSENSE and 3.3VIN are connected to 5VIN and 3.3VOUT is connected to 5VOUT. For applications where the BD_SEL# connector pin is typically connected to ground on the backplane, the circuit in Figure 11 allows the LTC4244 to be reset simply by pressing a pushbutton switch on the CPCI plug in board. This arrangement eliminates the requirement to extract and reinsert the CPCI board in order to reset the LTC4244’s circuit breaker. V(I/O) TIMER/Auxiliary VCC PCB EDGE BACKPLANE CONNECTOR BACKPLANE CONNECTOR Once the TIMER pin voltage has ramped to within 1.6V of 12VIN, the auxiliary VCC function is enabled. In the event the 12VIN supply voltage collapses, the LTC4244 will continue to draw power from the charge stored on the TIMER pin capacitor until the internal VCC node drops below its undervoltage lockout threshold or the 12VIN supply voltage recovers, whichever happens first. BACKPLANE CONNECTOR PCB EDGE BACKPLANE CONNECTOR BD_SEL# 1.2k 1k 5 OFF/ON LTC4244* GROUND 8 GND 4244 F11 *ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY Figure 11. BD_SEL# Pushbutton Toggle Switch R2 0.007Ω 5VIN 5V PUSHBUTTON SWITICH 100Ω 0.25W Q2 IRF7457 5VOUT LONG 5V R4 10Ω Z4 17 16 13 3.3VIN 3.3VSENSE 5VIN GROUND 8 14 5VSENSE 15 GATE R5 1k 18 C1 0.33µF 3 3.3VOUT 5VOUT LTC4244* GND 4244 F10 Z4: SMAJ5.0A *ADDITIONAL PINS OMITTED FOR CLARITY Figure 10. No 3.3V Supply Application Circuit 42441f 19 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Power MOSFET Selection Criteria The LTC4244 uses external MOSFETs to limit the 5V and 3.3V supply currents. The following criteria should be used when selecting these MOSFET’s: 1. The on resistance should be low enough to prevent an excessive voltage drop across the sense resistor and the series MOSFET at rated load current given the amount of gate to source voltage provided by the LTC4244. 2. The drain-to-source breakdown voltage should be high enough for the device to survive overvoltage transients that may occur during fault conditions (the 5V and 3.3V transient voltage limiters shown in Figure 1 will limit the maximum drain-source voltage seen by these MOSFET’s during fault conditions). 3. The MOSFET package must be able to handle the maximum, steady state power dissipation for the ON state without exceeding the device’s rated maximum junction temperature. The MOSFET’s steady-state, dissipated power can be expressed as: PON = IMAX2 • RDS(ON) (8) The increase in steady-state junction-to-ambient temperature is given by: TJ – TA = PON • RθJA (9) 4. The MOSFET package must be able to dissipate the heat resulting from the power pulse during the transition from off to on. A worst-case approximation for the magnitude of the power pulse is: POFF-ON < n VOUT • (IINRUSH + ILOAD ) 2 (10) where n VOUT = 5VOUT or 3.3VOUT, IINRUSH is the transient current initially charging the load capacitance and ILOAD is the steady-state load current. The duration, tON, of the power pulse can be expressed as: tON = CLOAD • VOUT IINRUSH 5. The MOSFET package must be able to sustain the maximum pulse power that occurs in the event the LTC4244 attempts to power-up either the 5V or 3.3V back-end supply into a short circuit (see Design Example for a sample calculation). Table 8 lists some power MOSFET’s that can be used with the LTC4244. Input Overvoltage Transient Protection Hot plugging a board into a backplane generates inrush currents from the backplane power supplies due to the charging of the plug-in board capacitance. To reduce this transient current to a safe level, the CPCI Hot Swap specification restricts the amount of unswitched capacitance used on the input side of the plug-in board. Each medium or long power pin connected to the CPCI female connector on the plug-in board is required to have a 10nF ceramic bypass capacitor to ground. Bulk capacitors are only allowed on the switched output side of the LTC4244 (5VOUT, 3.3VOUT, 12VOUT, VEEOUT). Some bulk capacitance is allowed on the 5VIN and 3.3VIN Early Power planes, but only because a current limiting resistor is assumed to decouple the connector pin from the bulk capacitance. Circuits normally placed on the unswitched side Early Power plane (PCI Bridge, for example) need to to be decoupled by a current limiting resistor. Disallowing bulk capacitors on the input power pins mitigates the inrush current during Hot Swap. However, it also tends to create a resonant circuit formed by the inductance of the backplane power supply trace in series with the inductance of the connector pin and the parasitic capacitance of the plug-in board (mainly due to the large power FET). Upon board insertion, the ringing of this circuit can exhibit a peak overshoot of 2.5 times the steady-state voltage (>30V for 12VIN). There are two methods for abating the effects of these high voltage transients: using voltage limiters to clip the transient to a safe level and snubber networks. Snubber networks are series RC networks whose time constants (11) 42441f 20 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO are experimentally determined based on the board’s parasitic resonance circuits. As a starting point, the capacitors in these networks are chosen to be 10× to 100× the power MOSFET’s COSS under bias. The series resistor is a value determined experimentally that ranges from 1Ω to 50Ω, depending on the parasitic resonance circuit. Note that in all LTC4244 circuit schematics, both transient voltage limiters and snubber networks have been added to the 12VIN and VEEIN supply rails and should always be used. Snubber networks are not necessary on the 3.3VIN or the 5VIN supply lines since their absolute maximum voltage ratings are 13.5V. Transient voltage limiters, however, are recommended as these devices provide large-scale transient protection for the LTC4244 in the event of abrupt changes in supply current. All protection networks should be mounted very close to the LTC4244’s supply pins using short lead lengths to minimize trace resistance and inductance. This is shown schematically in Figures 12 and 13 and a recommended layout of the transient protection devices around the LTC4244 is shown in Figure 14. R2 0.007Ω 5VIN 5V R1 0.005Ω 3VIN 3.3V Q2 IRF7457 Q1 IRF7457 3VOUT 3.3V R3 10Ω 17 3.3VIN 5VOUT 5V 15 16 3.3VSENSE GATE R4 10Ω 18 13 14 3.3VOUT 5VIN Z3 R5 1k C1 0.047µF 3 5VOUT 5VSENSE Z4 LTC4244* GND Z3, Z4: SMAJ5.0A *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY 8 4244 F12 Figure 12. Place Transient Protection Devices Close to LTC4244’s 5VIN and 3.3VIN Pins C5 0.1µF 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 Z4 VIAS TO GND PLANE Z1 LTC4244* C5 R14 Figure 13. Place Transient Protection Devices Close to LTC4244’s 12VIN and VEEIN Pins 10 9 C4 R13 8 4244 F16 Z1, Z2: SMAJ12CA *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY 7 8 Z3 Z2 6 GND 5VIN 5 LTC4244* R14 10Ω 4 VEEIN 3 C4 0.1µF 2 12VIN 2 Z1 20 1 R13 10Ω 3.3VIN 13 –12VIN 1 12VIN 4244 F14 Z1 12VIN VEEIN GND *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY DRAWING IS NOT TO SCALE! Figure 14. Recommended Layout for Transient Protection Components 42441f 21 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO PCB Layout Considerations Swap applications where load currents can be 10A, narrow PCB tracks exhibit more resistance than wider tracks and operate at more elevated temperatures. Since the sheet resistance of 1 ounce copper foil is approximately 0.45mΩ/o, track resistance and voltage drops add up quickly in high current applications. Thus, to keep PCB track resistance, voltage drop and temperature to a minimum, the suggested trace width in these applications for 1 ounce copper foil is 0.03” for each ampere of DC current. For proper operation of the LTC4244’s circuit breaker, 4-wire Kelvin sense connections between the sense resistor and the LTC4244’s 5VIN and 5VSENSE pins and 3.3VIN and 3.3VSENSE pins are strongly recommended. The PCB layout should be balanced and symmetrical to minimize wiring errors. In addition, the PCB layout for the sense resistors and the power MOSFETs should include good thermal management techniques for optimal device power dissipation. A recommended PCB layout for the sense resistor, the power MOSFET and the GATE drive components around the LTC4244 is illustrated in Figure 15. In Hot CURRENT FLOW TO LOAD 3.3VIN 3.3V In the majority of applications, it will be necessary to use plated-through vias to make circuit connections from component layers to power and ground layers internal to CURRENT FLOW TO LOAD SENSE RESISTOR SO-8 W D G D S D S D S VIA/PATH TO GND R3 TRACK WIDTH W: 0.03" PER AMPERE ON 1 OZ Cu FOIL 3.3VOUT 3.3V W GATE R5 12 11 9 13 8 10 14 7 15 16 17 18 19 20 C1 6 5 4 3 2 1 LTC4244* CTIMER GND CURRENT FLOW TO SOURCE VIA TO GND PLANE GND W *ADDITIONAL DETAILS OMITTED FOR CLARITY DRAWING IS NOT TO SCALE! 4244 F15 Figure 15. Recommended Layout for Power MOSFET, Sense Resistor and GATE Components for the 3.3V Rail 42441f 22 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO the PC board. For 1 ounce copper foil plating, a general rule is 1 ampere of DC current per via making sure the via is properly dimensioned so that solder completely fills the void. For other plating thicknesses, check with your PCB fabrication facility. Design Example As a design example, consider a CPCI Hot Swap application with the following power supply requirements: Table 4. Design Example Power Supply Requirements VOLTAGE SUPPLY MAXIMUM DC SUPPLY CURRENT LOAD CAPACITANCE 12V 450mA 100µF 5V 5A 2200µF 3.3V 7A 2200µF –12V 100mA 100µF The first step is to select the appropriate values of RSENSE for the 5V and 3.3V supplies. Calculating the value of RSENSE is based on ILOAD(MAX) and the lower limit for the circuit breaker threshold voltage (47mV for both the 5V and 3.3V circuit breakers). If a 1% tolerance is assumed for the sense resistors, then 5mΩ and 7mΩ resistor values yield the following minimum and maximum ITRIP values: perature curve, the device’s on-resistance can be expected to increase by about 20% over its room temperature value. Recalculation of the steady-state values of RON and junction temperature yields approximately 12.6mΩ and 81°C, respectively. The I • R drop across the 3.3V sense resistor and series MOSFET at maximum load current under these conditions will be less than 124mV. The next step is to select appropriate values for C1 and CTIMER. Assuming that the total current for the 5V supply is constrained to less than 6A during power-up (6 × 5V medium length connector pins at 1A per pin), then the inrush current shouldn’t exceed: IINRUSH < 6A – ILOAD(5VOUT) = 6A – 5A = 1A This yields: C1 > ⇒ C1 > IGATE(MAX) • 2200µF IINRUSH(MAX) ITRIP(MIN) ITRIP(MAX) 5mΩ 9.3A 11.5A 7mΩ 6.6A 8.2A So sense resistor values of 7mΩ and 5mΩ should suffice for the 5V and 3.3V supplies, respectively. The second step is to select MOSFETs for the 5V and 3.3V supplies. The IRF7457’s on resistance is less than 10.5mΩ for VGS > 4.5V and a junction temperature of 25°C. Since the maximum load current requirement for the 3.3V supply is 7A, the steady-state power the device may be required to dissipate is 514mW. The IRF7457 has a junction-to-ambient thermal resistance of 50°C/Watt. If a maximum ambient temperature of 50°C is assumed, this yields a junction temperature of 75.7°C. According to the IRF7457’s Normalized On-Resistance vs Junction Tem- (13) 100µA • 2200µF = 220nF 1A Hence a C1 value of 330nF ±10% should suffice. The value of CTIMER for this design example will be constrained by the duration of the 12V supply inrush current, which according to Equation 2 is: Table 5. ITRIP vs RSENSE RSENSE (1% RTOL) (12) tON(12VOUT) < ⇒ tON(12VOUT) < 2 • CLOAD • 12V ILIMIT(MIN) – ILOAD(MAX) 2 • 100µF • 12V = 24ms 550mA – 450mA (14) In order to guarantee that the LTC4244’s TIMER fault inhibit period is greater than 24ms, the value of CTIMER should be: CTIMER > ⇒ CTIMER > 24ms • ITIMER(MAX) 12V – VTIMER(MAX) (15) 24ms • 26µA = 61.8nF 12V – 1.9 V So a value of 82nF (±10%) should suffice. 42441f 23 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO The next step is to verify that the thermal ratings of the external 5V and 3.3V MOSFETs aren’t being exceeded during power-up cycles into the designed loads or into a short circuit. The amount of heating in the 5V and 3.3V MOSFETs during a normal power cycle depends on the LTC4244’s GATE pin current (refer to Gate Current vs Temperature plot in the Typical Performance Characteristics section). The magnitude of the off-on power pulse that results in maximum heating of the MOSFETs is given by Equation 10 as: POFF-ON = ( n VOUT • IINRUSH(MIN) + ILOAD(n VOUT) 2 ) (16) where IINRUSH(MIN) = The duration and magnitude of the power pulse that results during a short-circuit condition on either the 5V or 3.3V outputs are a function of the TIMER capacitor and the LTC4244’s foldback current limit. Figure 16 shows the worst-case power dissipated in the 5V and 3.3V external FETs vs V5VOUT and V3.3VOUT, respectively. In the case of the 3.3V external MOSFET, the maximum dissipated power is 24 Watts (V3.3VOUT = 0.9V). For the 5V external MOSFET, the maximum dissipated power is 22 Watts (V5VOUT = 1.75V). The maximum duration of the short-circuit powerpulse is given by Equation 19 as: tPULSE < CTIMER(MAX) • ⇒ tPULSE < CLOAD • IGATE(MIN) C1(MAX) (17) 12V – VTIMER(MIN) ITIMER(MIN) (19) (82nF + 8.2nF) • (12V – 1.3V) 16µA ⇒ tPULSE < 60.3ms The duration of the power-pulse is given by Equation 11 as: 25 CLOAD • n VOUT IINRUSH(MIN) 5V RSENSE = 0.007Ω 3.3V RSENSE = 0.005Ω (18) Solving these equations for the 5V and 3.3V supplies yields: Table 6 POFF-ON tINRUSH(MAX) 5V MOSFET 12.8W 90ms 3.3V MOSFET 11.8W 60ms DISSIPATED POWER (W) tINRUSH < 20 5V MOSFET 15 10 3.3V MOSFET 5 0 Under these conditions, the IRF7457 datasheet’s Thermal Response vs Pulse Duration curve indicates that the junction-to-ambient temperature will increase by 60°C for the 5V MOSFET and 46°C for the 3.3V MOSFET. 0 1 3 4 2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 5 4244 F16 Figure 16. Worst-Case 5V and 3.3V MOSFET Dissipated Power vs Output Voltage 42441f 24 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO The IRF7457’s Thermal Response vs Pulse Duration curve indicates that the worst-case increase in junction-toambient temperature during a power-cycle for the 3.3V MOSFET is less than 96°C while the worst-case increase in junction-to-ambient temperature for the 5V MOSFET is less than 88°C. Power MOSFET and Sense Resistor Selection Tables 7 and 8 list current sense resistors and power MOSFET transistors, respectively, that can be used with the LTC4244’s circuit breakers. Table 9 lists supplier web site addresses for discrete components mentioned throughout the LTC4244 data sheet. Transient Voltage Suppressors SMAJ12A and SMAJ5.0A are supplied by: Diodes, Incorporated Westlake Village, CA 91362 USA Phone: 01 (805) 446-4800 Web Site: http://www.vishay.com or http://www.diodes.com Transistors MMBT2222A and MMBT3906 are supplied by: ON Semiconductor Phoenix, AZ 85008 USA Phone: 01 (602) 244-6600 Web Site: http://www.onsemi.com Obtaining Information on Specific Parts For more information or to request a copy of the CompactPCI specification, contact the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group at: PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group Wakefield, MA 01880 USA Phone: 01 (718) 224-1239 Web Site: http://www.picmg.com 42441f 25 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U W U U APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Table 7. Sense Resistor Selection Guide CURRENT LIMIT VALUE PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURER 1A LR120601R055F WSL1206R055 0.055Ω, 0.5W, 1% Resistor IRC-TT Vishay Dale 2A LR120601R028F WSL1206R028 0.028Ω, 0.5W, 1% Resistor IRC-TT Vishay Dale 5A LR120601R011F WSL2010R011 0.011Ω, 0.5W, 1% Resistor IRC-TT Vishay Dale 7.6A WSL2512R007 0.007Ω, 1W, 1% Resistor Vishay Dale 10A WSL2512R005 0.005Ω, 1W, 1% Resistor Vishay Dale Table 8. N-Channel Power MOSFET Selection Guide CURRENT LIMIT VALUE PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURER 0A to 2A MMDF3N02HD Dual N-Channel SO-8, RDS(ON) = 0.1Ω ON Semiconductor 2A to 5A MMSF5N02HD Single N-Channel SO-8, RDS(ON) = 0.025Ω ON Semiconductor 5A to 10A MTB50N06V Single N-Channel DD-Pak, RDS(ON) = 0.028Ω ON Semiconductor 5A to 10A IRF7457 Single N-Channel SO-8, RDS(ON) = 0.007Ω International Rectifier 5A to 10A Si7880DP Single N-Channel PowerPAKTM, RDS(ON) = 0.003 Ω Vishay Siliconix PowerPAK is a trademark of Vishay Siliconix Table 9. Manufacturers’ Web Site MANUFACTURER WEB SITE International Rectifier www.irf.com ON Semiconductor www.onsemi.com IRC-TT www.irctt.com Vishay Dale www.vishay.com Vishay Siliconix www.vishay.com Diodes, Inc. www.diodes.com 42441f 26 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO GN Package 20-Lead Plastic SSOP (Narrow .150 Inch) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1641) .337 – .344* (8.560 – 8.738) .045 ±.005 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 .254 MIN .150 – .165 .0165 ± .0015 11 .229 – .244 (5.817 – 6.198) .058 (1.473) REF .150 – .157** (3.810 – 3.988) .0250 BSC 1 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT .015 ± .004 × 45° (0.38 ± 0.10) .0075 – .0098 (0.19 – 0.25) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .0532 – .0688 (1.35 – 1.75) 9 10 .004 – .0098 (0.102 – 0.249) 0° – 8° TYP .016 – .050 (0.406 – 1.270) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCHES INCHES 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (MILLIMETERS) .008 – .012 (0.203 – 0.305) TYP .0250 (0.635) BSC 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE GN20 (SSOP) 0204 42441f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 27 LTC4244/LTC4244-1 U TYPICAL APPLICATIO C9 0.01µF PER POWER PIN C8 0.01µF PER POWER PIN 5V R1 0.005Ω 3.3VIN CLOAD(5VOUT) Q1 IRF7457 CLOAD(3.3VOUT) Z3 LONG 3.3V Z2 R4 10Ω R3 10Ω Z4 C7 0.01µF 3.3VIN 3.3VSENSE GATE 3.3VOUT 5VIN 12VIN 12V 5VSENSE C1 R5 0.33µF 1k 5VOUT 12VOUT VEEIN CLOAD(12VOUT) OFF/ON BD_SEL# VEEOUT R18 10k LTC4244-1 FAULT LONG V(I/O) R17 10k HEALTHY# PWRGD PCI_RST# RESETIN TIMER DRIVE RESETOUT GND PRECHARGE R15 1Ω C4 0.01µF C3 4.7nF R9 24Ω GROUND I/O PIN 128 R13 10Ω I/O DATA LINE 1 • • • • • • I/O DATA LINE 128 Z1, Z2: SMAJ12A VOUT 12V 500mA + R19 1k I/O PIN 1 VOUT 3.3V 7A + R21 1.8Ω R20 1.2k VOUT 5V 5A + R22 2.7Ω LONG 5V 3.3V R2 Q2 0.007Ω IRF7457 5VIN R10 18Ω R11 10k R12 10k 1V ±10% C2 0.082µF LOCAL_PCI_RST# VOUT 3.3V R8 1k Q3 R7 12Ω MMBT2222A VIN 3.3V RESET# I/O #1 • • • R14 10Ω R6 10k I/O #128 PCI BRIDGE CHIP Z3, Z4: SMAJ5.0A 4244 F17 Figure 17. Typical LTC4244-1 Application RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC1421 Hot Swap Controller Dual Supplies from 3V to 12V, Additional –12V LTC1422 Hot Swap Controller Single Supply Hot Swap in SO-8 from 3V to 12V LT1640AL/LT1640AH Negative Voltage Hot Swap Controllers in SO-8 Negative High Voltage Supplies from –10V to –80V LT1641-1/LT1641-2 Positive Voltage Hot Swap Controllers in SO-8 Supplies from 9V to 80V, Latch Off/Autoretry LTC1642 Fault Protected Hot Swap Controller 3V to 15V, Overvoltage Protection Up to 33V LTC1643AL/LTC1643AL-1 PCI Bus Hot Swap Controllers LTC1643AH 3.3V, 5V, 12V, –12V Supplies for PCI Bus LTC1644 Compact PCI Bus Hot Swap Controller 3.3V, 5V, ±12V, Local Reset Logic and Precharge LTC1645 2-Channel Hot Swap Controller Operates from 1.2V to 12V, Power Sequencing LTC1646 Dual CompactPCI Hot Swap Controller 3.3V, 5V Supplies Only LTC1647 Dual Hot Swap Controller Dual ON Pins for Supplies from 3V to 15V LTC4211 Hot Swap Controller with Multifunction Current Control Single Supply, 2.5V to 16.5V, MSOP LTC4240 CompactPCI Hot Swap Controller I2C Interface Allows Control and Readback of Device Functions LT4250 –48V Hot Swap Controller in SO-8 –20V to –80V, Active Current Limiting LTC4251 –48V Hot Swap Controller in SOT-23 Floating Supply, Active Current Limiting and Fast Circuit Breaker 42441f 28 Linear Technology Corporation LT/TP 0204 1K • PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● www.linear.com LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2003