19-3721; Rev 0; 5/05 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies ♦ ±0.75% VOUT Accuracy Over Line, Load, and Temperature (1.3V) ♦ Active Voltage Positioning with Adjustable Gain and Offset ♦ 6-Bit On-Board DAC: 0.375V to 1.55V Output Adjust Range ♦ Selectable 100kHz/200kHz/300kHz/550kHz Switching Frequency ♦ 4V to 28V Battery Input Voltage Range ♦ Adjustable Slew-Rate Control ♦ Drives Large Synchronous Rectifier MOSFETs ♦ Undervoltage and Thermal-Fault Protection ♦ Power Sequencing and Timing ♦ Selectable Suspend Voltage ♦ Soft-Start and Soft-Shutdown ♦ Selectable Single- or Dual-Phase Pulse Skipping Ordering Information PART TEMP RANGE MAX8760ETL -40°C to +100°C 40 Thin QFN 6mm x 6mm MAX8760ETL+ -40°C to +100°C 40 Thin QFN 6mm x 6mm Servers/Desktop Computers Quick-PWM is a trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. PGND DLS DHS LXS BSTS V+ 31 20 32 19 33 18 34 17 D4 D5 SKIP OAIN+ CMP 37 14 CMN CSN 38 13 OAINFB CCI GNDS 39 12 CCV CSP 40 11 GND 16 35 MAX8760 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 7 8 9 10 REF ILIM VCC Voltage-Positioned Step-Down Converters D3 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 SHDN OFS Multiphase CPU Core Supply LXM BSTM VROK D0 D1 D2 VDD TOP VIEW DLM DHM Pin Configuration Applications 6-Bit VID AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU PIN-PACKAGE +Denotes lead-free package. TON SUS S0 S1 The MAX8760 is available in a low-profile, 40-pin 6mm x 6mm thin QFN package. For other CPU platforms, refer to the pin-to-pin compatible MAX1544, MAX1519/MAX1545, and MAX1532/MAX1546/MAX1547 data sheets. ♦ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller TIME The MAX8760 is a dual-phase, Quick-PWM™, stepdown controller for 6-bit VID AMD Mobile Turion™ 64 CPU core supplies. Dual-phase operation reduces input ripple current requirements and output voltage ripple while easing component selection and layout difficulties. The quick-PWM control scheme provides instantaneous response to fast-load current steps. The MAX8760 includes active voltage positioning with adjustable gain and offset, reducing power dissipation and bulk output capacitance requirements. The MAX8760 is intended for two different notebook CPU core applications: stepping down the battery directly or stepping down the 5V system supply to create the core voltage. The single-stage conversion method allows this device to directly step down high-voltage batteries for the highest possible efficiency. Alternatively, two-stage conversion (stepping down the 5V system supply instead of the battery) at a higher switching frequency provides the minimum possible physical size. The MAX8760 complies with AMD’s desktop and mobile CPU specifications. The switching regulator features softstart and power-up sequencing, and soft-shutdown. The MAX8760 also features independent four-level logic inputs for setting the suspend voltage (S0, S1). The MAX8760 includes output undervoltage protection, thermal protection, and voltage regulator power-OK (VROK) output. When any of these protection features detect a fault, the controller shuts down. Features THIN QFN Turion is a trademark of AMD. ________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products For pricing delivery, and ordering information please contact Maxim/Dallas Direct! at 1-888-629-4642, or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com. 1 MAX8760 General Description MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS V+ to GND ..............................................................-0.3V to +30V VCC to GND ..............................................................-0.3V to +6V VDD to PGND............................................................-0.3V to +6V SKIP, SUS, D0–D5 to GND.......................................-0.3V to +6V ILIM, FB, OFS, CCV, CCI, REF, OAIN+, OAIN- to GND.........................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) CMP, CSP, CMN, CSN, GNDS to GND ......-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) TON, TIME, VROK, S0–S1 to GND..............-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) SHDN to GND (Note 1)...........................................-0.3V to +18V DLM, DLS to PGND ....................................-0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) BSTM, BSTS to GND ..............................................-0.3V to +36V DHM to LXM ...........................................-0.3V to (VBSTM + 0.3V) LXM to BSTM............................................................-6V to +0.3V DHS to LXS..............................................-0.3V to (VBSTS + 0.3V) LXS to BSTS .............................................................-6V to +0.3V GND to PGND .......................................................-0.3V to +0.3V REF Short-Circuit Duration .........................................Continuous Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C) 40-Pin 6mm ✕ 6mm Thin QFN (derate 23.2mW/°C above +70°C) ...............................1.860W Operating Temperature Range .........................-40°C to +100°C Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C Note 1: SHDN may be forced to 12V for the purpose of debugging prototype boards using the no-fault test mode, which disables fault protection and overlapping operation. Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS PWM CONTROLLER Battery voltage, V+ Input Voltage Range V+ = 4.5V to 28V, includes load regulation error DC Output Voltage Accuracy (Note 2) Line Regulation Error Input Bias Current 4 28 4.5 5.5 DAC codes ≥ 1V -10 +10 DAC codes from 0.375V to 1V -15 +15 VCC, VDD VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, V+ = 4.5V to 28V IFB, IGNDS IOFS FB, GNDS OFS OFS Input Range OFS Gain AOFS TIME Frequency Accuracy -0.1 +0.1 0 2 ∆VOUT/∆VOFS; ∆VOFS = VOFS - VREF, VOFS = 1V to 2V -0.129 -0.125 fTIME µA V -0.117 V/V -0.125 -20 AGNDS -0.117 +200 mV ∆VOUT/∆VGNDS 0.97 0.99 1.01 V/V 1000kHz nominal, RTIME = 15kΩ 900 1000 1100 500kHz nominal, RTIME = 30kΩ 460 500 540 250kHz nominal, RTIME = 60kΩ 225 250 275 Startup and shutdown, RTIME = 30kΩ 2 +2 -0.129 mV mV -2 ∆VOUT/∆VOFS; ∆VOFS = VOFS, VOFS = 0 to 1V GNDS Input Range GNDS Gain 5 V 125 _______________________________________________________________________________________ kHz Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER On-Time (Note 3) SYMBOL tON Minimum Off-Time (Note 3) tOFF(MIN) CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX TON = GND (550kHz) 155 180 205 TON = REF (300kHz) 320 355 390 TON = open (200kHz) 475 525 575 TON = VCC (100kHz) 920 1000 1140 TON = GND 300 375 TON = VCC, open, or REF 400 480 1.70 3.20 mA V+ = 12V, VFB = VCCI = 1.2V UNITS ns ns BIAS AND REFERENCE Quiescent Supply Current (VCC) ICC Measured at VCC, FB forced above the regulation point, OAIN- = FB, VOAIN+ = 1.3V Quiescent Supply Current (VDD) IDD Measured at VDD, FB forced above the regulation point <1 5 µA Quiescent Battery Supply Current (V+) IV+ Measured at V+ 25 40 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VCC) Measured at VCC, SHDN = GND 4 10 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VDD) Measured at VDD, SHDN = GND <1 5 µA Shutdown Battery Supply Current (V+) Measured at V+, SHDN = GND, VCC = VDD = 0V or 5V <1 5 µA 2.000 2.010 V +10 mV Reference Voltage VREF Reference Load Regulation ∆VREF VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, IREF = 0 IREF = -10µA to 100µA 1.990 -10 FAULT PROTECTION Output Overvoltage Protection Threshold VOVP Output Overvoltage Propagation Delay tOVP FB forced 2% above trip threshold Output Undervoltage Protection Threshold VUVP Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage Output Undervoltage Propagation Delay tUVP FB forced 2% below trip threshold VROK Threshold Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage 67 2.00 V 10 µs 70 73 10 % µs Lower threshold (undervoltage) -12 -10 -8 Upper threshold (overvoltage) SKIP = VCC +8 +10 +12 % _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3 MAX8760 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER Output Undervoltage Fault and VROK Transition Blanking Time SYMBOL tBLANK tVROK ISINK = 3mA VROK Leakage Current High state, VROK forced to 5.5V Thermal-Shutdown Threshold VUVLO(VCC) Rising edge, hysteresis = 90mV, PWM disabled below this level TSHDN Hysteresis = 10°C Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Positive, Default) VLIMIT CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN; ILIM = VCC Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Positive, Adjustable) VLIMIT CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Negative) VLIMIT(NEG) CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN; ILIM = VCC, SKIP = VCC Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Zero Crossing) VZERO CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN; SKIP = GND TYP MAX 24 3 FB forced 2% outside the VROK trip threshold VROK Output Low Voltage VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold MIN Measured from the time when FB reaches the voltage set by the DAC code; clock speed set by RTIME (Note 4) Measured from the time when FB first reaches the voltage set by the DAC code after startup VROK Startup Delay VROK Delay CONDITIONS 5 Clks 7 10 4.0 4.25 UNITS ms µs 0.4 V 1 µA 4.4 V °C +160 CURRENT LIMIT AND BALANCE 28 30 32 VILIM = 0.2V 8 10 12 VILIM = 1.5V 73 75 77 -41 -36 -31 CMP, CMN, CSP, CSN Input Ranges CMP, CMN, CSP, CSN Input Current VCSP = VCSN = 0 to 5V Secondary Driver-Disable Threshold VCSP ILIM Input Current IILIM Current-Limit Default Switchover Threshold Current-Balance Offset 4 mV mV 2 V -2 +2 µA VCC 0.4 V 0.1 200 nA VCC - 1 VCC 0.4 V +2 mV VILIM = 0 to 5V 3 (VCMP - VCMN) - (VCSP - VCSN); ICCI = 0, -20mV < (VCMP - VCMN) < 20mV, 1.0V < VCCI < 2.0V mV 0 3 VILIM VOS(IBAL) 1.5 mV VCC - 1 -2 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER Current-Balance Transconductance SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN Gm(IBAL) TYP MAX 400 UNITS µS GATE DRIVERS DH_ Gate-Driver On-Resistance RON(DH) DL_ Gate-Driver On-Resistance RON(DL) DH_ Gate-Driver Source/Sink Current IDH DL_ Gate-Driver Sink Current IDL(SINK) DL_ Gate-Driver Source Current BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V 4.5 High state (pullup) 1.0 4.5 Low start (pulldown) 0.4 2 DH_ forced to 2.5V, BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V 1.6 A 4 A 1.6 A DL_ forced to 5V IDL(SOURCE) DL_ forced to 2.5V Dead Time tDEAD Ω 1.0 DL_ rising 35 DH_ rising 26 Ω ns VOLTAGE-POSITIONING AMPLIFIER Input Offset Voltage VOS Input Bias Current IBIAS Op Amp Disable Threshold Common-Mode Input Voltage Range -1 OAIN+, OAIN- VOAINVCM 3 Guaranteed by CMRR test 0 +1 mV 0.1 200 nA VCC - 1 VCC 0.4 V 2.5 V Common-Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR VOAIN+ = VOAIN- = 0 to 2.5V 70 115 dB Power-Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V 75 100 dB 80 112 Large-Signal Voltage Gain AOA RL = 1kΩ to VCC/2 |VOAIN+ - VOAIN-| ≥ 10mV, RL = 1kΩ to VCC/2 Output Voltage Swing dB VCC - VFBH 77 300 VFBL 47 200 mV Input Capacitance 11 pF Gain-Bandwidth Product 3 MHz 0.3 V/µs 400 pF Slew Rate Capacitive-Load Stability No sustained oscillations LOGIC AND I/O SHDN Input High Voltage VIH SHDN Input Low Voltage VIL SHDN No-Fault Threshold V SHDN Three-Level Input Logic Levels 0.8 To enable no-fault mode SUS, SKIP 12 High 2.7 REF 1.2 Low SHDN, SKIP, SUS Logic Input Current D0–D5 Logic Input High Voltage V 0.4 V 15 V 2.3 V 0.8 -1 1.6 +1 µA V _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 MAX8760 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = 0°C to +85°C, unless otherwise specified. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP D0–D5 Logic Input Low Voltage D0–D5 Input Current D0–D5 Four-Level Input Logic Levels -2 TON, S0 and S1 V +2 µA V VCC 0.4 Open 3.15 3.85 REF 1.65 2.35 TON, S0 and S1 forced to GND or VCC UNITS 0.8 High Low Four-Level Input Current MAX 0.4 -3 +3 µA ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = -40°C to +100°C, unless otherwise specified.) (Note 5) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN MAX UNITS PWM CONTROLLER Battery voltage, V+ Input Voltage Range 4 28 4.5 5.5 DAC codes ≥ 1V -13 +13 DAC codes from 0.375V to 1V -20 +20 0 2 ∆VOUT/∆VOFS; ∆VOFS = VOFS, VOFS = 0 to 1V -0.131 -0.115 ∆VOUT/∆VOFS; ∆VOFS = VOFS - VREF, VOFS = 1V to 2V -0.131 -0.115 VCC, VDD V+ = 4.5V to 28V, includes load regulation error DC Output Voltage Accuracy (Note 2) OFS Input Range OFS GAIN GNDS Gain TIME Frequency Accuracy On-Time (Note 3) Minimum Off-Time (Note 3) 6 AOFS AGNDS fTIME tON tOFF(MIN) mV V V/V ∆VOUT/∆VGNDS 0.94 1.01 1000kHz nominal, RTIME = 15kΩ 880 1120 500kHz nominal, RTIME = 30kΩ 450 550 250kHz nominal, RTIME = 60kΩ 220 280 TON = GND (550kHz) 150 210 TON = REF (300kHz) 315 395 TON = open (200kHz) 470 580 TON = VCC (100kHz) 910 1150 V+ = 12V, VFB = VCCI = 1.2V V V/V kHz ns TON = GND 380 TON = VCC, open, or REF 490 _______________________________________________________________________________________ ns Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = -40°C to +100°C, unless otherwise specified.) (Note 5) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS Quiescent Supply Current (VCC) ICC Quiescent Supply Current (VDD) MIN MAX UNITS Measured at VCC, FB forced above the regulation point, OAIN- = FB, VOAIN+ = 1.3V 3.2 mA IDD Measured at VDD, FB forced above the regulation point 20 µA IV+ Measured at V+ 50 µA BIAS AND REFERENCE Quiescent Battery Supply Current (V+) Shutdown Supply Current (VCC) Measured at VCC, SHDN = GND 20 µA Shutdown Supply Current (VDD) Measured at VDD, SHDN = GND 20 µA Shutdown Battery Supply Current (V+) Measured at V+, SHDN = GND, VCC = VDD = 0V or 5V 20 µA 1.985 2.015 V 67 73 % -13 -7 Reference Voltage VREF VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, IREF = 0 VUVP Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage FAULT PROTECTION Output Undervoltage Protection Threshold Measured at FB with respect to unloaded output voltage VROK Threshold VROK Startup Delay VCC Undervoltage Lockout Threshold Lower threshold (undervoltage) Upper threshold (overvoltage), SKIP = VCC Measured from the time when FB first reaches the voltage set by the DAC code after startup Rising edge, hysteresis = 90mV, PWM VUVLO(VCC) disabled below this level % +7 +13 3 ms 3.90 4.45 V 27 33 mV VILIM = 0.2V 7 13 VILIM = 1.5V 72 78 CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN; ILIM = VCC, SKIP = VCC -30 -42 mV VOS(IBAL) (VCMP - VCMN) - (VCSP - VCSN); ICCI = 0, -20mV < (VCMP - VCMN) < 20mV, 1.0V < VCCI < 2.0V -3 +3 mV RON(DH) BST_ - LX_ forced to 5V 4.5 Ω CURRENT LIMIT AND BALANCE Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Positive, Default) VLIMIT CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN; ILIM = VCC Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Positive, Adjustable) VLIMIT CMP - CMN, CSP - CSN Current-Limit Threshold Voltage (Negative) VLIMIT(NEG) Current-Balance Offset mV GATE DRIVERS DH_ Gate-Driver On-Resistance _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7 MAX8760 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 15V, VCC = VDD = V SHDN = V SKIP = VS0 = VS1 = 5V, VFB = VCMP = VCMN = VCSP = VCSN = 1.3V, OFS = SUS = GNDS = D0–D5 = GND, TA = -40°C to +100°C, unless otherwise specified.) (Note 5) PARAMETER DL_ Gate-Driver On-Resistance SYMBOL RON(DL) CONDITIONS MIN High state (pullup) MAX 4.5 Low start (pulldown) 2 UNITS Ω VOLTAGE-POSITIONING AMPLIFIER Input Offset Voltage VOS Common-Mode Input Voltage Range VCM Guaranteed by CMRR test |VOAIN+ - VOAIN-| ≥ 10mV, RL = 1kΩ to VCC/2 Output Voltage Swing -2.0 +2.0 mV 0 2.5 V VCC - VFBH 300 VFBL 200 mV LOGIC AND I/O SHDN Input High Voltage VIH SHDN Input Low Voltage VIL Tri-Level Input Logic Levels 0.8 SUS, SKIP High 2.7 REF 1.2 Low D0–D5 Logic Input High Voltage 0.4 V 2.3 V 0.8 1.6 D0–D5 Logic Input Low Voltage Four-Level Input Logic Levels V TON, S0 and S1 V 0.8 V V High VCC 0.4 Open 3.15 3.85 REF 1.65 2.35 Low 0.4 Note 2: DC output accuracy specifications refer to the trip level of the error amplifier. When pulse skipping, the output slightly rises (<0.5%) when transitioning from continuous conduction to no load. Note 3: On-time and minimum off-time specifications are measured from 50% to 50% at the DHM and DHS pins, with LX_ forced to GND, BST_ forced to 5V, and a 500pF capacitor from DH_ to LX_ to simulate external MOSFET gate capacitance. Actual incircuit times may be different due to MOSFET switching speeds. Note 4: The output fault-blanking time is measured from the time when FB reaches the regulation voltage set by the DAC code. During normal operation (SUS = GND), the regulation voltage is set by the VID DAC inputs (D0–D5). During suspend mode (SUS = REF or high), the regulation voltage is set by the suspend DAC inputs (S0 and S1). Note 5: Specifications to TA = -40°C and +100°C are guaranteed by design and are not production tested. 8 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies 1.24 80 VIN = 20V 70 1.22 VIN = 7V 60 10 50 20 30 0.88 0.01 1 100 10 0 10 20 40 30 LOAD CURRENT (A) EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT = 1.00V) OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT = 0.80V) EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT = 0.80V) VIN = 7V 0.82 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 70 VIN = 12V 100 0.80 0.78 VIN = 20V SKIP = REF SKIP = GND 0.74 100 10 70 VIN = 12V SKIP = REF or GND 50 1 80 60 SKIP = REF SKIP = VCC 0.01 VIN = 7V 90 0.76 MAX8760 toc06 0.84 MAX8760 toc04 80 VIN = 20V 50 0 5 10 20 15 0.01 1 100 10 LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A) LOAD CURRENT (A) SWITCHING FREQUENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT NO-LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE (FORCED-PWM MODE) NO-LOAD SUPPLY CURRENT vs. INPUT VOLTAGE (PULSE SKIPPING) SKIP = VCC 120 FORCED-PWM (SKIP = VCC) 200 SKIP MODE (SKIP = REF) ICC + IDD SKIP = REF 2.5 SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 300 3.0 MAX8760 toc08 150 MAX8760 toc07 400 SWITCHING FREQUENCY (kHz) VIN = 12V SKIP = VCC OR REF LOAD CURRENT (A) 90 60 0.94 LOAD CURRENT (A) 100 EFFICIENCY (%) 40 0.96 90 60 MAX8760 toc09 0 EFFICIENCY (%) 1.18 0.98 0.90 SKIP = REF SKIP = VCC VIN = 12V SKIP = VCC OR REF 1.00 0.92 VIN = 12V MAX8760 toc05 1.20 1.02 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.28 1.26 1.04 MAX8760 toc02 90 EFFICIENCY (%) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.30 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT = 1.00V) 100 MAX8760 toc01 1.32 EFFICIENCY vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT = 1.30V) MAX8760 toc03 OUTPUT VOLTAGE vs. LOAD CURRENT (VOUT = 1.30V) 2.0 ICC + IDD 1.5 1.0 100 30 0.5 IIN VOUT = 1V (NO LOAD) 0 IIN 0 0 10 20 LOAD CURRENT (A) 30 40 0 0 5 10 15 20 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9 MAX8760 Typical Operating Characteristics (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD = 5V, SHDN = SKIP = VCC, D0–D5 set for 1.5V (SUS = GND), S0 and S1 set for 1V (SUS = VCC), OFS = GND, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.) Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD = 5V, SHDN = SKIP = VCC, D0–D5 set for 1.5V (SUS = GND), S0 and S1 set for 1V (SUS = VCC), OFS = GND, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.) CURRENT-BALANCE OFFSET VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION REFERENCE VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION 40 0 -50 30 20 UNDEFINED REGION -150 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.995 2.005 2.000 REFERENCE VOLTAGE (V) OFS VOLTAGE (V) MAX8760 toc14 60 MAX8760 toc13 40 30 20 180 50 144 40 108 72 GAIN 20 36 10 0 0 -36 -10 -72 PHASE -20 -108 -144 -30 -40 0.1 0 10.0 9.5 9.0 10.5 11.0 1 10 100 1k CURRENT LIMIT (mV) FREQUENCY (Hz) VPS AMPLIFIER OFFSET VOLTAGE vs. COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE INDUCTOR CURRENT DIFFERENCE vs. LOAD CURRENT 160 140 0.8 IL(CS) - IL(CM) (A) 120 100 80 60 40 SKIP = REF 0.6 SKIP = VCC 0.4 0.2 VPS AMPLIFIER DISABLED 20 -180 10k MAX8760 toc16 1.0 MAX8760 toc15 180 OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV) 1.25 30 10 RSENSE = 1mΩ 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE (V) 10 0 OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) VOLTAGE-POSITIONING AMPLIFIER GAIN AND PHASE vs. FREQUENCY GAIN (dB) SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) VILIM = 0.20V SAMPLE SIZE = 100 -1.25 -2.50 2.010 CURRENT-LIMIT THRESHOLD DISTRIBUTION 50 20 0 0 1.990 2.0 30 10 10 -100 40 5 0 10 20 30 40 LOAD CURRENT (A) ______________________________________________________________________________________ 50 PHASE (DEGREES) 50 SAMPLE SIZE = 100 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) SAMPLE SIZE = 100 SAMPLE PERCENTAGE (%) 100 50 MAX8760 toc11 50 MAX8760 toc10 150 MAX8760 toc12 OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE vs. OFS VOLTAGE OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies 2.50 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies SOFT-START POWER-UP SEQUENCE 3.3V 0 SOFT-SHUTDOWN WAVEFORMS MAX8760 toc18 MAX8760 toc17 MAX8760 toc19 3.3V A 3.3V A 0 A 1.46V B 0 1.46V B 0 C 0 0 D 0 B E 0 10A D 10A C 0 D 200µs/div 2ms/div A. SHDN, 5V/div B. VROK, 5V/div C. 1.5V OUTPUT, 1V/div C 200µs/div A. SHDN, 5V/div B. 1.5V OUTPUT, 500mV/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div RLOAD = 75mΩ D. IL1, 10A/div E. IL2, 10A/div RLOAD = 75mΩ A. SHDN, 5V/div B. 1.5V OUTPUT, 500mV/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div RLOAD = 75mΩ 1.30V LOAD TRANSIENT (10A TO 30A LOAD) OFFSET TRANSITION MAX8760 toc20 MAX8760 toc21 15A 0.2V 5A A A 0 15A 1.5V B 5A C 5A D B 5A 1.48A C 1.44V 20µs/div A. IL1, 10A/div B. IL2, 10A/div C. OUTPUT VOLTAGE, 20mV/div 20µs/div A. VOFS = 0 TO 200mV, 0.2V/div B. VOUT = 1.500V TO 1.475V, 20mV/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 10A LOAD ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11 MAX8760 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD = 5V, SHDN = SKIP = VCC, D0–D5 set for 1.5V (SUS = GND), S0 and S1 set for 1V (SUS = VCC), OFS = GND, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD = 5V, SHDN = SKIP = VCC, D0–D5 set for 1.5V (SUS = GND), S0 and S1 set for 1V (SUS = VCC), OFS = GND, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.) SUSPEND TRANSITION (DUAL-PHASE PWM OPERATION) SUSPEND TRANSITION (SINGLE-PHASE SKIP OPERATION) MAX8760 toc22 3.3V 0 MAX8760 toc23 A 1.5V 3.3V 0 A 1.5V B 1.0V B 1.0V 10A 2.5A C C 0 2.5A D 10A D 0 40µs/div 100µs/div A. SUS, 5V/div B. VOUT = 1.5V TO 1.0V, 0.5V/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 5A LOAD, SKIP = VCC, RTIME = 64.9kΩ A. SUS, 5V/div B. VOUT = 1.5V TO 1.0V, 0.5V/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 5A LOAD, COUT = (4) 680µF, SKIP = SUS, RTIME = 64.9kΩ SINGLE-PHASE SKIP TO DUAL-PHASE PWM TRANSITION DUAL-PHASE SKIP TO DUAL-PHASE PWM TRANSITION MAX8760 toc24 MAX8760 toc25 5V 12 A 5V 2V A 1.5V B 1.5V B 0 C 0 C 0 D 0 D 20µs/div 20µs/div A. SKIP = VCC TO GND, 5V/div B. 1.5V OUTPUT, 50mV/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 2A LOAD A. SKIP = VCC TO REF, 5V/div B. 1.5V OUTPUT, 50mV/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 2A LOAD ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies 100mV DAC CODE TRANSITION 400mV DAC CODE TRANSITION MAX8760 toc26 MAX8760 toc27 3.3V A 0 1.5V 3.3V A 0 1.5V B 1.4V 5A C 5A D 20µs/div A. D1, 5V/div B. VOUT = 1.50V TO 1.40V, 100mV/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 10A LOAD B 1.1V C 5A 5A D 40µs/div A. D3, 5V/div B. VOUT = 1.50V TO 1.10V, 0.5V/div C. IL1, 10A/div D. IL2, 10A/div 10A LOAD ______________________________________________________________________________________ 13 MAX8760 Typical Operating Characteristics (continued) (Circuit of Figure 1, VIN = 12V, VCC = VDD = 5V, SHDN = SKIP = VCC, D0–D5 set for 1.5V (SUS = GND), S0 and S1 set for 1V (SUS = VCC), OFS = GND, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise specified.) Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8760 Pin Description PIN NAME 1 TIME Slew-Rate Adjustment Pin. Connect a resistor from TIME to GND to set the internal slew-rate clock. A 150kΩ to 15kΩ resistor sets the clock from 100kHz to 1MHz, fSLEW = 500kHz x 30kΩ/RTIME. During startup and shutdown, the internal slew-rate clock operates at 1/4 the programmed rate. 2 TON On-Time Selection Control Input. This four-level input sets the K-factor value used to determine the DH_ on-time (see the On-Time One-Shot (TON) section): GND = 550kHz, REF = 300kHz, OPEN = 200kHz, VCC = 100kHz SUS Suspend Input. SUS is a tri-level logic input. When the controller detects on-transition on SUS, the controller slews the output voltage to the new voltage level determined by SUS, S0, S1, and D0–D5. The controller blanks VROK during the transition and another 24 RTIME clock cycles after the new DAC code is reached. Connect SUS as follows to select which multiplexer sets the nominal output voltage: 3.3V or VCC (high) = Suspend mode; S0, S1 low-range suspend code (Table 5) REF = Suspend mode; S0, S1 high-range suspend code (Table 5) GND = Normal operation; D0–D5 VID DAC code (Table 4) S0, S1 Suspend-Mode Voltage-Select Inputs. S0, S1 are four-level digital inputs that select the suspend mode VID code (Table 5) for the suspend mode multiplexer inputs. If SUS is high, the suspend mode VID code is delivered to the DAC (see the Internal Multiplexers section), overriding any other voltage setting (Figure 3). SHDN Shutdown Control Input. This input cannot withstand the battery voltage. Connect to VCC for normal operation. Connect to ground to put the IC into its 1µA (typ) shutdown state. During the transition from normal operation to shutdown, the output voltage ramps down at 4 times the output-voltage slew rate programmed by the TIME pin. In shutdown mode, DLM and DLS are forced to VDD to clamp the output to ground. Forcing SHDN to 12V ~ 15V disables both overvoltage protection and undervoltage protection circuits, disables overlap operation, and clears the fault latch. Do not connect SHDN to >15V. 7 OFS Voltage-Divider Input for Offset Control. For 0 < VOFS < 0.8V, 0.125 times the voltage at OFS is subtracted from the output. For 1.2V < VOFS < 2V, 0.125 times the difference between REF and OFS is added to the output. Voltages in the 0.8V < VOFS < 1.2V range are undefined. The controller disables the offset amplifier during suspend mode (SUS = REF or high). 8 REF 2V Reference Output. Bypass to GND with a 0.22µF or greater ceramic capacitor. The reference can source 100µA for external loads. Loading REF degrades output voltage accuracy according to the REF load regulation error. 9 ILIM 10 VCC 11 GND Analog Ground. Connect the MAX8760’s exposed pad to analog ground. 12 CCV Voltage Integrator Capacitor Connection. Connect a 47pF to 1000pF (150pF typ) capacitor from CCV to analog ground (GND) to set the integration time constant. 13 GNDS 3 4, 5 6 14 FUNCTION Current-Limit Adjustment. The current-limit threshold defaults to 30mV if ILIM is connected to VCC. In adjustable mode, the current-limit threshold voltage is precisely 1/20 the voltage seen at ILIM over a 0.2V to 1.5V range. The logic threshold for switchover to the 30mV default value is approximately VCC 1V Analog Supply Voltage Input for PWM Core. Connect VCC to the system supply voltage (4.5V to 5.5V) with a series 10Ω resistor. Bypass to GND with a 1µF or greater ceramic capacitor, as close to the IC as possible. Ground Remote-Sense Input. Connect GNDS directly to the CPU ground-sense pin. GNDS internally connects to an amplifier that adjusts the output voltage, compensating for voltage drops from the regulator ground to the load ground. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies PIN NAME FUNCTION 14 CCI Current Balance Compensation. Connect a 470pF capacitor between CCI and FB. See the Current Balance Compensation section. 15 FB Feedback Input. FB is internally connected to both the feedback input and the output of the voltagepositioning op amp. See the Setting Voltage Positioning section to set the voltage-positioning gain. 16 OAIN- Op Amp Inverting Input and Op Amp Disable Input. When using the internal op amp for additional voltage-positioning gain, connect to the negative terminal of current-sense resistor through a resistor as described in the Setting Voltage Positioning section. Connect OAIN- to VCC to disable the op amp. The logic threshold to disable the op amp is approximately VCC - 1V. 17 OAIN+ Op Amp Noninverting Input. When using the internal op amp for additional voltage-positioning gain, connect to the positive terminal of current-sense resistor through a resistor as described in the Setting Voltage Positioning section. 18 SKIP Pulse-Skipping Select Input. When pulse skipping, the controller blanks the VROK upper threshold: 3.3V or VCC (high) = Dual-phase forced-PWM operation REF = Dual-phase pulse-skipping operation GND = Single-phase pulse-skipping operation D5–D0 Low-Voltage VID DAC Code Inputs. The D0–D5 inputs do not have internal pullups. These 1.0V logic inputs are designed to interface directly with the CPU. In normal mode (Table 4, SUS = GND), the output voltage is set by the VID code indicated by the logic-level voltages on D0–D5. In suspend mode (Table 5, SUS = REF or high), the decoded state of the four-level S0, S1 inputs sets the output voltage. 25 VROK Open-Drain Power-Good Output. After output voltage transitions, except during power-up and powerdown, if OUT is in regulation then VROK is high impedance. The controller blanks VROK whenever the slew-rate control is active (output voltage transitions). VROK is forced low in shutdown. A pullup resistor on VROK causes additional finite shutdown current. During power-up, VROK includes a 3ms (min) delay after the output reaches the regulation voltage. 26 BSTM Main Boost Flying Capacitor Connection. An optional resistor in series with BSTM allows the DHM pullup current to be adjusted. 27 LXM 28 DHM Main High-Side Gate-Driver Output. Swings LXM to BSTM. 29 DLM Main Low-Side Gate-Driver Output. DLM swings from PGND to VDD. DLM is forced high after the MAX8760 powers down. 30 VDD Supply Voltage Input for the DLM and DLS Gate Drivers. Connect to the system supply voltage (4.5V to 5.5V). Bypass VDD to PGND with a 2.2µF or greater ceramic capacitor as close to the IC as possible. 31 PGND 19–24 Main Inductor Connection. LXM is the internal lower supply rail for the DHM high-side gate driver. Power Ground. Ground connection for low-side gate drivers DLM and DLS. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 15 MAX8760 Pin Description (continued) Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8760 Pin Description (continued) PIN NAME FUNCTION 32 DLS Secondary Low-Side Gate-Driver Output. DLS swings from PGND to VDD. DLS is forced high after the MAX8760 powers down. 33 DHS Secondary High-Side Gate-Driver Output. Swings LXS to BSTS. 34 LXS Secondary Inductor Connection. LXS is the internal lower supply rail for the DHS high-side gate driver. 35 BSTS Secondary Boost Flying Capacitor Connection. An optional resistor in series with BSTS allows the DHS pullup current to be adjusted. 36 V+ Battery Voltage-Sense Connection. Used only for PWM one-shot timing. DH_ on-time is inversely proportional to input voltage over a 4V to 28V range. 37 CMP 38 CMN Main Inductor Positive Current-Sense Input Main Inductor Negative Current-Sense Input 39 CSN Secondary Inductor Positive Current-Sense Input 40 CSP Secondary Inductor Negative Current-Sense Input Detailed Description Dual 180° Out-of-Phase Operation The two phases in the MAX8760 operate 180° out-ofphase (SKIP = REF or high) to minimize input and output filtering requirements, reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI), and improve efficiency. This effectively lowers component count—reducing cost, board space, and component power requirements—making the MAX8760 ideal for high-power, cost-sensitive applications. Typically, switching regulators provide transfer power using only one phase instead of dividing the power among several phases. In these applications, the input capacitors must support high-instantaneous current requirements. The high-RMS ripple current can lower efficiency due to I2R power loss associated with the input capacitor’s effective series resistance (ESR). Therefore, the system typically requires several low-ESR input capacitors in parallel to minimize input voltage ripple, to reduce ESR-related power losses, and to meet the necessary RMS ripple current rating. With the MAX8760, the controller shares the current between two phases that operate 180° out-of-phase, so the high-side MOSFETs never turn on simultaneously during normal operation. The instantaneous input current of either phase is effectively cut in half, resulting in reduced input voltage ripple, ESR power loss, and RMS ripple current (see the Input Capacitor Selection section). As a result, the same performance can be achieved with fewer or less-expensive input capacitors. Table 1 lists component selection for standard multiphase selections and Table 2 is a list of component suppliers. 16 Transient Overlap Operation When a transient occurs, the response time of the controller depends on how quickly it can slew the inductor current. Multiphase controllers that remain 180 degrees out-of-phase when a transient occurs actually respond slower than an equivalent single-phase controller. To provide fast transient response, the MAX8760 supports a phase-overlap mode, which allows the dual regulators to operate in-phase when heavy-load transients are detected, reducing the response time. After either highside MOSFET turns off, if the output voltage does not exceed the regulation voltage when the minimum offtime expires, the controller simultaneously turns on both high-side MOSFETs during the next on-time cycle. This maximizes the total inductor current slew rate. The phases remain overlapped until the output voltage exceeds the regulation voltage after the minimum offtime expires. After the phase-overlap mode ends, the controller automatically begins with the opposite phase. For example, if the secondary phase provided the last on-time pulse before overlap operation began, the controller starts switching with the main phase when overlap operation ends. Power-Up Sequence The MAX8760 is enabled when SHDN is driven high (Figure 2). The reference powers up first. Once the reference exceeds its UVLO threshold, the PWM controller evaluates the DAC target and starts switching. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8760 Table 1. Component Selection for Standard Multiphase Applications MAX8760 AMD MOBILE COMPONENTS DESIGNATION Circuit of Figure 1 Input Voltage Range 7V to 24V VID Output Voltage (D5–D0) 1.3V (D5–D0 = 001010) Suspend Voltage (SUS, S0, S1) Not used (SUS = GND) Maximum Load Current 30A Number of Phases (ηTOTAL) Two phases Inductor (per Phase) 0.56µH Panasonic ETQP4LR56WFC Switching Frequency 300kHz (TON = REF) High-Side MOSFET (NH, per phase) Siliconix (1) Si7886DP Low-Side MOSFET (NL, per phase) Siliconix (2) Si7356DP (4) 10µF, 25V Taiyo Yuden TMK432BJ106KM or TDK C4532X5R1E106M Total Input Capacitance (CIN) (4) 330µF, 2.5V Sanyo 2R5TPE330M9 Total Output Capacitance (COUT) 1mΩ Panasonic ERJM1WTJ1M0U Current-Sense Resistor (RSENSE, per Phase) For the MAX8760, the slew-rate controller ramps up the output voltage in 12.5mV increments to the proper operating voltage (see Tables 3 and 4) set by either D0–D5 (SUS = GND) or S0, S1 (SUS = REF or high). The ramp rate is set with the RTIME resistor (see the Output Voltage Transition Timing section). The ramp rate is 1/4 the rate set by the RTIME resistor (see the Output Voltage Transition Timing section). The controller pulls VROK low until at least 3ms after the MAX8760 reaches the target DAC code. Shutdown When SHDN goes low, the MAX8760 enters low-power shutdown mode. VROK is pulled low immediately, and the output voltage ramps down to 0V in LSB increments at 4 times the clock rate set by RTIME: t SHDN ≤ 4 VDAC fSLEW VLSB where fSLEW = 500kHz ✕ 30kΩ/RTIME, VDAC is the DAC setting when the controller begins the shutdown sequence, and VLSB = 12.5mV is the DAC’s smallest voltage increment. Slowly discharging the output capacitors by slewing the output over a long period of time (4/fSLEW) keeps the average negative inductor current low (damped response), thereby eliminating the negative output voltage excursion that occurs when the controller discharges the output quickly by permanently turning on the low-side MOSFET (underdamped response). This eliminates the need for the Schottky diode normally connected between the output and ground to clamp the negative output voltage excursion. When the DAC reaches the 0V setting, DL_ goes high, DH_ goes low, the reference turns off, and the supply current drops to about 1µA. When a fault condition—output undervoltage lockout, output overvoltage lockout, or thermal shutdown—activates the shutdown sequence, the controller sets the fault latch to prevent the controller from restarting. To clear the fault latch and reactivate the controller, toggle SHDN or cycle VCC power below 1V. When SHDN goes high, the reference powers up. Once the reference voltage exceeds its UVLO threshold, the controller evaluates the DAC target and starts switching. The slew-rate controller ramps up from 0V in LSB increments to the currently selected output-voltage setting at 1/4 the slew rate set by the RTIME resistor (see the Power-Up Sequence section). There is no traditional softstart (variable current-limit) circuitry, so full output current is available immediately. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 17 MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies R12 100kΩ C1 2.2µF R13 10Ω C2 1µF POWER GOOD VROK D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 DAC INPUTS V+ BSTM ON INPUT* 7V TO 24V CIN CBST1 0.22µF DHM NH1 R2 1kΩ ±1% GND RTIME 30.1kΩ TIME CCCV 47pF COUT NL1 PGND SHDN OFF RSENSE1 1.0mΩ L1 LXM DLM S0 S1 SUSPEND INPUTS (FOUR-LEVEL LOGIC) BST DIODES VDD VCC MAX8760 5V BIAS SUPPLY CMN CMP OAIN+ OAIN- R3 1kΩ ±1% R10 2kΩ ±1% CCV OUTPUT CREF 0.22µF REF (300kHz) R1 2kΩ ±1% TON REF R8 R9 49.9kΩ 100kΩ ±1% ±1% ILIM REF C3 OPEN R6 OPEN CCCI 470pF CCI CSP CSN BSTS R7 0Ω DHS CIN NH2 L2 RSENSE2 1.0mΩ LXS DLS SKIP R5 1kΩ ±1% CBST2 0.22µF OFS PWM R4 1kΩ ±1% FB COUT NL2 SKIP SUS GNDS POWER GROUND ANALOG GROUND *LOWER INPUT VOLTAGES REQUIRE ADDITIONAL INPUT CAPACITANCE. Figure 1. Standard Two-Phase AMD Mobile 30A Application Circuit 18 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8760 SHDN VID (D0–D5) DO NOT CARE SOFT-SHUTDOWN 1 LSB PER 4 RTIME CYCLES SOFT-START 1 LSB PER 4 RTIME CYCLES VCORE VROK tVROK(START) 5ms (TYP) Figure 2. Power-Up and Shutdown Sequence Timing Diagram Table 2. Component Suppliers MANUFACTURER PHONE WEBSITE BI Technologies 714-447-2345 (USA) www.bitechnologies.com Central Semiconductor 631-435-1110 (USA) www.centralsemi.com Coilcraft 800-322-2645 (USA) www.coilcraft.com Coiltronics 561-752-5000 (USA) www.coiltronics.com Fairchild Semiconductor 888-522-5372 (USA) www.fairchildsemi.com International Rectifier 310-322-3331 (USA) www.irf.com Kemet 408-986-0424 (USA) www.kemet.com Panasonic 847-468-5624 (USA) www.panasonic.com 65-6281-3226 (Singapore) www.secc.co.jp Siliconix (Vishay) 203-268-6261 (USA) www.vishay.com Sumida 408-982-9660 (USA) www.sumida.com 03-3667-3408 (Japan) 408-573-4150 (USA) www.t-yuden.com Sanyo Taiyo Yuden TDK TOKO 847-803-6100 (USA) 81-3-5201-7241 (Japan) 858-675-8013 (USA) Internal Multiplexers The MAX8760 has a unique internal DAC input multiplexer (MUXes) that selects one of three different DAC code settings for different processor states (Figure 3). On startup, the MAX8760 selects the DAC code from the D0–D5 (SUS = GND) or S0, S1 (SUS = REF or high) input decoders. DAC Inputs (D0–D5) During normal forced-PWM operation (SUS = GND), the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) programs the output voltage using the D0–D5 inputs. Do not leave D0–D5 www.component.tdk.com www.tokoam.com unconnected. D0–D5 can be changed while the MAX8760 is active, initiating a transition to a new output voltage level. Change D0–D5 together, avoiding greater than 1µs skew between bits. Otherwise, incorrect DAC readings can cause a partial transition to the wrong voltage level followed by the intended transition to the correct voltage level, lengthening the overall transition time. The available DAC codes and resulting output voltages are compatible with AMD K9 voltage specifications (Table 4). ______________________________________________________________________________________ 19 MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Table 3. Operating Mode Truth Table SHDN SUS SKIP OFS OUTPUT VOLTAGE GND x x x GND Low-Power Shutdown Mode. DL_ is forced high, DH_ is forced low, and the PWM controller is disabled. The supply current drops to 1µA (typ). VCC GND VCC GND or REF D0–D5 (no offset) Normal Operation. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected VID DAC code (D0–D5, Table 4). VCC x GND or REF GND or REF D0–D5 (no offset) Pulse-Skipping Operation. When SKIP is pulled low, the MAX8760 immediately enters pulse-skipping operation allowing automatic PWM/PFM switchover under light loads. The VROK upper threshold is blanked. VCC GND x 0 to 0.8V or 1.2V to 2V D0–D5 (plus offset) Deep-Sleep Mode. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected VID DAC code (D0–D5, Table 4) plus the offset voltage set by OFS. VCC REF or High x x SUS, S0–S1 (no offset) Suspend Mode. The no-load output voltage is determined by the selected suspend code (SUS, S0, S1, Table 5), overriding all other active modes of operation. VCC x x x GND Fault Mode. The fault latch has been set by either UVP, OVP, or thermal shutdown. The controller remains in FAULT mode until VCC power is cycled or SHDN toggled. Four-Level Logic Inputs TON and S0, S1 are four-level logic inputs. These inputs help expand the functionality of the controller without adding an excessive number of pins. The four-level inputs are intended to be static inputs. When left open, an internal resistive voltage-divider sets the input voltage to approximately 3.5V. Therefore, connect the fourlevel logic inputs directly to VCC, REF, or GND when selecting one of the other logic levels. See the Electrical Characteristics table for exact logic level voltages. Suspend Mode When the processor enters low-power suspend mode, it sets the regulator to a lower output voltage to reduce power consumption. The MAX8760 includes independent suspend-mode output voltage codes set by the four-level S0, S1 inputs and the tri-level SUS input. When the CPU suspends operation (SUS = REF or high), the controller disables the offset amplifier and overrides the 5-bit VID DAC code set by either D0–D5 (normal operation). The master controller slews the output to the selected suspend-mode voltage. During the transition, the MAX8760 blanks VROK and the UVP fault protection until 24 RTIME clock cycles after the slew-rate controller reaches the suspend-mode voltage. 20 OPERATING MODE SUS is a tri-level logic input: GND, REF, or high. This expands the functionality of the controller without adding an additional pin. This input is intended to be driven by a dedicated open-drain output with the pullup resistor connected either to REF (or a resistive divider from V CC ) or to a logic-level bias supply (3.3V or greater). When pulled up to REF, the MAX8760 selects the upper suspend voltage range. When pulled high (2.7V or greater), the controller selects the lower suspend voltage range. See the Electrical Characteristics table for exact logic-level voltages. Output Voltage Transition Timing The MAX8760 is designed to perform mode transitions in a controlled manner, automatically minimizing input surge currents. This feature allows the circuit designer to achieve nearly ideal transitions, guaranteeing just-in-time arrival at the new output voltage level with the lowest possible peak currents for a given output capacitance. At the beginning of an output voltage transition, the MAX8760 blanks the VROK output, preventing it from changing states. VROK remains blanked during the transition and is enabled 24 clock cycles after the slew-rate controller has set the final DAC code value. The slew-rate clock frequency (set by resistor RTIME) must be set fast enough to ensure that the transition is completed within the maximum allotted time. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8760 D0–D5 DECODER D0 D1 D2 SUSPEND MUX IN D3 D4 D5 OUT 0 S0, S1 DECODER S0 S1 IN OUT 1 OUT DAC SEL SEL SUS 2.5V SUS 3-LEVEL DECODER 1.0V Figure 3. Internal Multiplexers Functional Diagram The slew-rate controller transitions the output voltage in 12.5mV steps during soft-start, soft-shutdown, and suspend-mode transitions. The total time for a transition depends on R TIME , the voltage difference, and the accuracy of the MAX8760’s slew-rate clock, and is not dependent on the total output capacitance. The greater the output capacitance, the higher the surge current required for the transition. The MAX8760 automatically controls the current to the minimum level required to complete the transition in the calculated time, as long as the surge current is less than the current limit set by ILIM. The transition time is given by: VOLD − VNEW for VOUT risin g fSLEW VLSB 1 VOLD − VNEW t SLEW ≈ + 2 for VOUT falling fSLEW VLSB t SLEW ≈ 1 where fSLEW = 500kHz ✕ 30kΩ / RTIME, VOLD is the original DAC setting, VNEW is the new DAC setting, and VLSB = 12.5mV is the DAC’s smallest voltage increment. The additional two clock cycles on the falling edge time are due to internal synchronization delays. See TIME Frequency Accuracy in the Electrical Characteristics table for fSLEW limits. The practical range of RTIME is 15kΩ to 150kΩ, corresponding to 1.0µs to 10µs per 12.5mV step. Although the DAC takes discrete steps, the output filter makes the transitions relatively smooth. The average inductor current required to make an output voltage transition is: IL ≅ COUT × VLSB × fSLEW ______________________________________________________________________________________ 21 MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies SUS 1 LSB PER RTIME CYCLE VDAC OUTPUT SET BY D0–D4 OUTPUT SET BY SUS AND S0, S1 tSLEW tBLANK = 24 CLKS tSLEW tBLANK = 24 CLKS TIME CLOCK VROK VROK BLANKING VROK BLANKING Figure 4. Suspend Transition Fault Protection Output Overvoltage Protection The OVP circuit is designed to protect the CPU against a shorted high-side MOSFET by drawing high current and blowing the battery fuse. The MAX8760 continuously monitors the output for an overvoltage fault. The controller detects an OVP fault if the output voltage exceeds the fixed 2.0V (typ) threshold. When the OVP circuit detects an overvoltage fault, it immediately sets the fault latch, turns off the high-side MOSFETs, and forces DL high. This action discharges the output filter capacitor and forces the output to ground. If the condition that caused the overvoltage (such as a shorted high-side MOSFET) persists, the battery fuse blows. The controller remains shut down until the fault latch is cleared by toggling SHDN or cycling the VCC power supply below 1V. The OVP is disabled when the controller is in the no-fault test mode (see the No-Fault Test Mode section). Output Undervoltage Shutdown The output UVP function is similar to foldback current limiting, but employs a timer rather than a variable current limit. If the MAX8760 output voltage is under 70% of the nominal value, the controller activates the shutdown sequence and sets the fault latch. Once the controller ramps down to the 0V DAC code setting, it forces the DL_ low-side gate driver high and pulls the DH_ high-side gate driver low. Toggle SHDN or cycle the VCC power supply below 1V to clear the 22 fault latch and reactivate the controller. UVP is ignored during output voltage transitions and remains blanked for an additional 24 clock cycles after the controller reaches the final DAC code value. UVP can be disabled through the no-fault test mode (see the No-Fault Test Mode section). Thermal-Fault Protection The MAX8760 features a thermal-fault protection circuit. When the junction temperature rises above +160°C, a thermal sensor activates the fault latch and the softshutdown sequence. Once the controller ramps down to the 0V DAC code setting, it forces the DL_ low-side gate driver high, and pulls the DH_ high-side gate driver low. Toggle SHDN or cycle the VCC power supply below 1V to clear the fault latch and reactivate the controller after the junction temperature cools by 15°C. Thermal shutdown can be disabled through the no-fault test mode (see the No-Fault Test Mode section). No-Fault Test Mode The latched-fault protection features and overlap mode can complicate the process of debugging prototype breadboards since there are (at most) a few milliseconds in which to determine what went wrong. Therefore, a nofault test mode is provided to disable the fault protection (overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection, and thermal shutdown) and overlap mode. Additionally, the test mode clears the fault latch if it has been set. The nofault test mode is entered by forcing 12V to 15V on SHDN. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 0 0 0 0 0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.7625 1.5250 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.7500 1.5000 1 0 0 0 1 0 0.7375 1 1.4750 1 0 0 0 1 1 0.7250 0 1.4500 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.7125 0 1 1.4250 1 0 0 1 0 1 0.7000 1 0 1.4000 1 0 0 1 1 0 0.6875 1 1 1 1.3750 1 0 0 1 1 1 0.6750 0 0 0 1.3500 1 0 1 0 0 0 0.6625 1 0 0 1 1.3250 1 0 1 0 0 1 0.6500 1 0 1 0 1.3000 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.6375 0 1 0 1 1 1.2750 1 0 1 0 1 1 0.6250 0 1 1 0 0 1.2500 1 0 1 1 0 0 0.6125 0 0 1 1 0 1 1.2250 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.6000 0 0 1 1 1 0 1.2000 1 0 1 1 1 0 0.5875 0 0 1 1 1 1 1.1750 1 0 1 1 1 1 0.5750 0 1 0 0 0 0 1.1500 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5625 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.1250 1 1 0 0 0 1 0.5500 1 0 0 1 0 0.5375 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1.5500 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1.1000 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1.0750 1 1 0 0 1 1 0.5250 1 0 1 0 0 0.5125 0 1 0 1 0 0 1.0500 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1.0250 1 1 0 1 0 1 0.5000 0 1 0 1 1 0 1.0000 1 1 0 1 1 0 0.4875 0 1 0 1 1 1 0.9750 1 1 0 1 1 1 0.4750 0 1 1 0 0 0 0.9500 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.4625 0 1 1 0 0 1 0.9250 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.4500 0 1 1 0 1 0 0.9000 1 1 1 0 1 0 0.4375 0 1 1 0 1 1 0.8750 1 1 1 0 1 1 0.4250 0 1 1 1 0 0 0.8500 1 1 1 1 0 0 0.4125 0 1 1 1 0 1 0.8250 1 1 1 1 0 1 0.4000 0 1 1 1 1 0 0.8000 1 1 1 1 1 0 0.3875 0 1 1 1 1 1 0.7750 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.3750 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 23 MAX8760 Table 4. Output Voltage ID DAC Codes (SUS = GND) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Table 5. Suspend Mode DAC Codes UPPER SUSPEND CODES LOWER SUSPEND CODES SUS S1 S0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) SUS S1 S0 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V) HIGH GND GND 0.800 REF GND GND 1.200 0.775 REF GND REF 1.175 HIGH GND REF HIGH GND OPEN 0.750 REF GND OPEN 1.150 HIGH GND VCC 0.725 REF GND VCC 1.125 HIGH REF GND 0.700 REF REF GND 1.100 HIGH REF REF 0.675 REF REF REF 1.075 HIGH REF OPEN 0.650 REF REF OPEN 1.050 REF VCC 1.025 HIGH REF VCC 0.625 REF HIGH OPEN GND 0.600 REF OPEN GND 1.000 HIGH OPEN REF 0.575 REF OPEN REF 0.975 HIGH OPEN OPEN 0.550 REF OPEN OPEN 0.950 HIGH OPEN VCC 0.525 REF OPEN VCC 0.925 HIGH VCC GND 0.500 REF VCC GND 0.900 VCC REF 0.875 HIGH VCC REF 0.475 REF HIGH VCC OPEN 0.450 REF VCC OPEN 0.850 HIGH VCC VCC 0.425 REF VCC VCC 0.825 *Connect the tri-level SUS input to a 2.7V or greater supply (3.3V or VCC) for an input logic level high. Multiphase Quick-PWM 5V Bias Supply (VCC and VDD) The Quick-PWM controller requires an external 5V bias supply in addition to the battery. Typically, this 5V bias supply is the notebook’s 95%-efficient 5V system supply. Keeping the bias supply external to the IC improves efficiency and eliminates the cost associated with the 5V linear regulator that would otherwise be needed to supply the PWM circuit and gate drivers. If stand-alone capability is needed, the 5V bias supply can be generated with an external linear regulator. The 5V bias supply must provide VCC (PWM controller) and VDD (gate-drive power), so the maximum current drawn is: IBIAS = ICC + fSW(QG(LOW) + QG(HIGH)) where ICC is provided in the Electrical Characteristics table, fSW is the switching frequency, and QG(LOW) and QG(HIGH) are the MOSFET data sheet’s total gate-charge specification limits at VGS = 5V. V+ and VDD can be connected together if the input power source is a fixed 4.5V to 5.5V supply. If the 5V bias supply is powered up prior to the battery supply, 24 the enable signal (SHDN going from low to high) must be delayed until the battery voltage is present to ensure startup. Free-Running, Constant-On-Time PWM Controller with Input Feed-Forward The quick-PWM control architecture is a pseudofixed-frequency, constant-on-time, current-mode regulator with input voltage feed-forward (Figure 5). This architecture relies on the output filter capacitor’s ESR to act as the current-sense resistor, so the output ripple voltage provides the PWM ramp signal. The control algorithm is simple: the high-side switch on-time is determined solely by a one-shot with a period inversely proportional to input voltage, and directly proportional to output voltage or the difference between the main and secondary inductor currents (see the On-Time One-Shot (TON) section). Another one-shot sets a minimum off-time. The on-time one-shot triggers when the error comparator goes low, the inductor current of the selected phase is below the valley current-limit threshold, and the minimum off-time one-shot times out. The controller maintains 180° out-ofphase operation by alternately triggering the main and secondary phases after the error comparator drops below the output voltage set point. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies MAX8760 BSTS CSN DHS SECONDARY PHASE DRIVERS CSP LXS DLS ILIM Q 19R CMP TRIG Gm ON-TIME ONE-SHOT R CMN CCI MINIMUM OFF-TIME CMP Q CSN TRIG Gm ONE-SHOT CMN FB VCC ON-TIME ONE-SHOT CSP V+ TON REF REF (2.0V) Q TRIG Q T Q SHDN MAIN PHASE DRIVERS R Q GND DHM S LXM S Q CMP CCV R CMN Gm BSTM 1.5mV VDD REF 1.0V DLM SKIP FAULT T PGND T=1 T=0 MAX8760 Gm OFS FB OAIN+ Gm OAIN- R-2R DAC INTERNAL MULTIPLEXERS, MODE CONTROL, AND SLEW-RATE CONTROL S[0:1] D[0:5] SUS TIME SKIP GNDS Figure 5. Dual-Phase Quick-PWM Functional Diagram ______________________________________________________________________________________ 25 MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies On-Time One-Shot (TON) The core of each phase contains a fast, low-jitter, adjustable one-shot that sets the high-side MOSFETs on-time. The one-shot for the main phase varies the ontime in response to the input and feedback voltages. The main high-side switch on-time is inversely proportional to the input voltage as measured by the V+ input, and proportional to the feedback voltage (VFB): t ON(MAIN) = K (VFB + 0.075V) VIN where K is set by the TON pin-strap connection (Table 6) and 0.075V is an approximation to accommodate the expected drop across the low-side MOSFET switch. The one-shot for the secondary phase varies the on-time in response to the input voltage and the difference between the main and secondary inductor currents. Two identical transconductance amplifiers integrate the difference between the master and slave current-sense signals. The summed output is internally connected to CCI, allowing adjustment of the integration time constant with a compensation network connected between CCI and FB. The resulting compensation current and voltage are determined by the following equations: ICCI = GM (VCMP - VCMN ) - GM (VCSP - VCSN ) VCCI = VFB + ICCIZ CCI where ZCCI is the impedance at the CCI output. The secondary on-time one-shot uses this integrated signal (VCCI) to set the secondary high-side MOSFETs on-time. When the main and secondary current-sense signals (VCM = VCMP - VCMN and VCS = VCSP - VCSM) become unbalanced, the transconductance amplifiers adjust the secondary on-time, which increases or decreases the secondary inductor current until the current-sense signals are properly balanced: V + 0.075V t ON(2ND) = K CCI VIN V I Z + 0.075V = K FB + K CCI CCI VIN VIN = (Main on − time) + (Secondary Current Balance Correction) This algorithm results in a nearly constant switching frequency and balanced inductor currents, despite the lack of a fixed-frequency clock generator. The benefits of a constant switching frequency are twofold: first, the frequency can be selected to avoid noise-sensitive 26 regions such as the 455kHz IF band; second, the inductor ripple-current operating point remains relatively constant, resulting in easy design methodology and predictable output-voltage ripple. The on-time one-shots have good accuracy at the operating points specified in the Electrical Characteristics table. On-times at operating points far removed from the conditions specified in the Electrical Characteristics table can vary over a wider range. For example, the 300kHz setting typically runs about 3% slower with inputs much greater than 12V due to the very short on-times required. On-times translate only roughly to switching frequencies. The on-times guaranteed in the Electrical Characteristics table are influenced by switching delays in the external high-side MOSFET. Resistive losses, including the inductor, both MOSFETs, output capacitor ESR, and PC board copper losses in the output and ground tend to raise the switching frequency at higher output currents. Also, the dead-time effect increases the effective on-time, reducing the switching frequency. It occurs only during forcedPWM operation and dynamic output voltage transitions when the inductor current reverses at light- or negativeload currents. With reversed inductor current, the inductor’s EMF causes LX to go high earlier than normal, extending the on-time by a period equal to the DH-rising dead time. For loads above the critical conduction point, where the dead-time effect is no longer a factor, the actual switching frequency (per phase) is: fSW = (VOUT + VDROP1) tON (VIN + VDROP1 - VDROP2 ) where VDROP1 is the sum of the parasitic voltage drops in the inductor discharge path, including synchronous rectifier, inductor, and PC board resistances; VDROP2 is the sum of the parasitic voltage drops in the inductor charge path, including high-side switch, inductor, and PC board resistances; and tON is the on-time as determined above. Table 6. Approximate K-Factor Errors MAX K-FACTOR ERROR (%) FREQUENCY SETTING (kHz) K-FACTOR (µs) VCC 100 10 ±10 Float 200 5 ±10 REF 300 3.3 ±10 GND 550 1.8 ±12.5 TON CONNECTION ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies R IMAIN - I2ND = IMAIN 1- MAIN R2ND However, mismatches between on-times, off-times, and inductor values increase the worst-case current imbalance, making it impossible to passively guarantee accurate current balancing. The multiphase quick-PWM controller integrates the difference between the current-sense voltages and adjusts the on-time of the secondary phase to maintain current balance. The current balance now relies on the accuracy of the current-sense resistors instead of the inaccurate, thermally sensitive on-resistance of the lowside MOSFETs. With active current balancing, the current mismatch is determined by the current-sense resistor values and the offset voltage of the transconductance amplifiers: IOS(IBAL) = ILM - ILS = VOS(IBAL) RSENSE where VOS(IBAL) is the current balance offset specification in the Electrical Characteristics table. The worst-case current mismatch occurs immediately after a load transient due to inductor value mismatches, resulting in different di/dt for the two phases. The time it takes the current-balance loop to correct the transient imbalance depends on the mismatch between the inductor values and switching frequency. Feedback Adjustment Amplifiers Voltage-Positioning Amplifier The multiphase quick-PWM controllers include an independent operational amplifier for adding gain to the voltage-positioning sense path. The voltage-positioning gain allows the use of low-value current-sense resistors to minimize power dissipation. This 3MHz gain-bandwidth amplifier was designed with low offset voltage (70µV typ) to meet the IMVP output-accuracy requirements. The inverting (OAIN-) and noninverting (OAIN+) inputs are used to differentially sense the voltage across the voltage-positioning sense resistor. The op amp’s output is internally connected to the regulator’s feedback input (FB). The op amp should be configured as a noninverting, differential amplifier, as shown in Figure 10. The voltage-positioning slope is set by properly selecting the feedback resistor connected from FB to OAIN- (see the Setting Voltage Positioning section). For applications using a slave controller, additional differential input resistors (summing configuration) can be connected to the slave’s voltage-positioning sense resistor. Summing together both the master and slave current-sense signals ensures that the voltage-positioning slope remains constant when the slave controller is disabled. The controller also uses the amplifier for remote output sensing (FBS) by summing in the remote-sense voltage into the positive terminal of the voltage-positioning amplifier (Figure 10). In applications that do not require voltage-positioning gain, the amplifier can be disabled by connecting the OAIN- pin directly to VCC. The disabled amplifier’s output becomes high impedance, guaranteeing that the unused amplifier does not corrupt the FB input signal. The logic threshold to disable the op amp is approximately VCC - 1V. Integrator Amplifier A feedback amplifier forces the DC average of the feedback voltage to equal the VID DAC setting. This transconductance amplifier integrates the feedback voltage and provides a fine adjustment to the regulation voltage (Figure 5), allowing accurate DC output voltage regulation regardless of the output ripple voltage. The feedback amplifier has the ability to shift the output voltage. The differential input voltage range is at least ±80mV total, including DC offset and AC ripple. The integration time constant can be set easily with an external compensation capacitor at the CCV pin. Use a capacitor value of 47pF to 1000pF (150pF typ). Differential Remote Sense The multiphase quick-PWM controllers include differential remote-sense inputs to eliminate the effects of voltage drops down the PC board traces and through the processor’s power pins. The remote output sense (FBS) is accomplished by summing in the remote-sense voltage into the positive terminal of the voltage-positioning amplifier (Figure 10). The controller includes a dedicated input and internal amplifier for the remote ground sense. The GNDS amplifier adds an offset directly to the feedback voltage, adjusting the output voltage to counteract the voltage drop in the ground path. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 27 MAX8760 Current Balance Without active current-balance circuitry, the current matching between phases depends on the MOSFET’s on-resistance (RDS(ON)), thermal ballasting, on-/off-time matching, and inductance matching. For example, variation in the low-side MOSFET on-resistance (ignoring thermal effects) results in a current mismatch that is proportional to the on-resistance difference: Together, the feedback-sense resistor (R FBS ) and GNDS input sum the remote-sense voltages with the feedback signals that set the voltage-positioned output, enabling true differential remote sense of the processor voltage. Connect the feedback-sense resistor (R FBS) and ground-sense input (GNDS) directly to the processor’s core supply remote-sense outputs as shown in the Standard Applications Circuit. Offset Amplifier The multiphase quick-PWM controllers include a third amplifier used to add small offsets to the voltage-positioned load line. The offset amplifier is summed directly with the feedback voltage, making the offset gain independent of the DAC code. This amplifier has the ability to offset the output by ±100mV. The offset is adjusted using resistive voltage-dividers at the OFS input. For inputs from 0 to 0.8V, the offset amplifier adds a negative offset to the output that is equal to 1/8 the voltage appearing at the selected OFS input (VOUT = VDAC - 0.125 x VOFS). For inputs from 1.2V to 2V, the offset amplifier adds a positive offset to the output that is equal to 1/8th the difference between the reference voltage and the voltage appearing at the selected OFS input (VOUT = VDAC + 0.125 x (VREF VOFS)). With this scheme, the controller supports both positive and negative offsets with a single input. The piecewise linear transfer function is shown in the Typical Operating Characteristics. The regions of the transfer function below zero, above 2V, and between 0.8V and 1.2V are undefined. OFS inputs are disallowed in these regions, and the respective effects on the output are not specified. The controller disables the offset amplifier during suspend mode (SUS = REF or high). 200 OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV) MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies UNDEFINED REGION 100 0 -100 0.8 -200 0 0.5 1.2 1.0 1.5 2.0 OFS VOLTAGE (V) Figure 6. Offset Voltage Forced-PWM Operation (Normal Mode) During normal mode, when the CPU is actively running (SKIP = high, Table 7), the quick-PWM controller operates with the low-noise forced-PWM control scheme. Forced-PWM operation disables the zero-crossing comparator, forcing the low-side gate-drive waveform to be constantly the complement of the high-side gatedrive waveform. This keeps the switching frequency fairly constant and allows the inductor current to reverse under light loads, providing fast, accurate negative output voltage transitions by quickly discharging the output capacitors. Forced-PWM operation comes at a cost: the no-load 5V bias supply current remains between 10mA to 60mA per phase, depending on the external MOSFETs and switching frequency. To maintain high efficiency under light-load conditions, the processor may switch the controller to a low-power pulse-skipping control scheme after entering suspend mode. Table 7. SKIP Settings* SKIP CONNECTION MODE OPERATION High (3.3V or VCC) Two-phase forced PWM The controller operates with a constant switching frequency, providing low-noise forced-PWM operation. The controller disables the zero-crossing comparators, forcing the low-side gatedrive waveform to be constantly the complement of the high-side gate-drive waveform. REF Two-phase pulse skipping The controller automatically switches over to PFM operation under light loads. The controller keeps both phases active and uses the automatic pulse-skipping control scheme, alternating between the primary and secondary phases with each cycle. GND One-phase pulse skipping The controller automatically switches over to PFM operation under light loads. Only the main phase is active. The secondary phase is disabled, DLS and DHS are pulled low, so LXS is high impedance. *Settings for a dual 180° out-of-phase controller. 28 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Automatic Pulse-Skipping Switchover In skip mode (SKIP = REF or GND), an inherent automatic switchover to PFM takes place at light loads (Figure 7). A comparator that truncates the low-side switch on-time at the inductor current’s zero crossing affects this switchover. The zero-crossing comparator senses the inductor current across the current-sense resistors. Once VC_P VC_N drops below the zero-crossing comparator threshold (see the Electrical Characteristics table), the comparator forces DL low (Figure 5). This mechanism causes the threshold between pulse-skipping PFM and nonskipping PWM operation to coincide with the boundary between continuous and discontinuous inductor-current operation. The PFM/PWM crossover occurs when the load current of each phase is equal to 1/2 the peak-topeak ripple current, which is a function of the inductor value (Figure 7). For a battery input range of 7V to 20V, this threshold is relatively constant, with only a minor dependence on the input voltage due to the typically low duty cycles. The total load current at the PFM/PWM crossover threshold (ILOAD(SKIP)) is approximately: K V - V V ILOAD(SKIP) = η TOTAL OUT IN OUT L VIN where ηTOTAL is the number of active phases, and K is the on-time scale factor (Table 6). The switching waveforms may appear noisy and asynchronous when light loading activates pulse-skipping operation, but this is a normal operating condition that results in high light-load efficiency. Varying the inductor value makes trade-offs between PFM noise and light-load INDUCTOR CURRENT IPEAK ILOAD = IPEAK/2 0 ON-TIME TIME Figure 7. Pulse-Skipping/Discontinuous Crossover Point IPEAK ILOAD INDUCTOR CURRENT When driven to GND, the multiphase Quick-PWM controller disables the secondary phase (DLS = PGND and DHS = LXS) and the primary phase uses the automatic pulse-skipping control scheme. When pulled up to REF, the controller keeps both phases active and uses the automatic pulse-skipping control scheme— alternating between the primary and secondary phases with each cycle. ∆i VBATT - VOUT = ∆t L MAX8760 Low-Power Pulse Skipping During pulse-skipping override mode (SKIP = REF or GND, Table 7), the multiphase quick-PWM controllers use an automatic pulse-skipping control scheme. When SKIP is pulled low, the controller uses the automatic pulse-skipping control scheme, overriding forced-PWM operation, and blanks the upper VROK threshold. SKIP is a three-level logic input—GND, REF, or high. This input is intended to be driven by a dedicated open-drain output with the pullup resistor connected either to REF (or a resistive divider from VCC) or to a logic-level high-bias supply (3.3V or greater). ILIMIT ILIMIT(VALLEY) = ILOAD(MAX) ( 2 - LIR 2η ) 0 TIME Figure 8. “Valley” Current-Limit Threshold Point efficiency. Generally, low inductor values produce a broader efficiency vs. load curve, while higher values result in higher full-load efficiency (assuming that the coil resistance remains fixed) and less output voltage ripple. Penalties for using higher inductor values include larger physical size and degraded load-transient response, especially at low input voltage levels. Current-Limit Circuit The current-limit circuit employs a unique “valley” currentsensing algorithm that uses current-sense resistors between the current-sense inputs (C_P to C_N) as the current-sensing elements. If the current-sense signal of the selected phase is above the current-limit threshold, the PWM controller does not initiate a new cycle (Figure 8) until the inductor current of the selected phase drops below the valley current-limit threshold. When either phase trips the current limit, both phases are effectively current limited since the interleaved controller does not initiate a cycle with either phase. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 29 MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Since only the valley current is actively limited, the actual peak current is greater than the current-limit threshold by an amount equal to the inductor ripple current. Therefore, the exact current-limit characteristic and maximum load capability are a function of the current-sense resistance, inductor value, and battery voltage. When combined with the undervoltage protection circuit, this current-limit method is effective in almost every circumstance. There is also a negative current limit that prevents excessive reverse inductor currents when V OUT is sinking current. The negative current-limit threshold is set to approximately 120% of the positive current limit, and therefore tracks the positive current limit when ILIM is adjusted. When a phase drops below the negative current limit, the controller immediately activates an ontime pulse—DL turns off, and DH turns on—allowing the inductor current to remain above the negative current threshold. The current-limit threshold is adjusted with an external resistive voltage-divider at ILIM. The current-limit threshold voltage adjustment range is from 10mV to 75mV. In the adjustable mode, the current-limit threshold voltage is precisely 1/20 the voltage seen at ILIM. The threshold defaults to 30mV when ILIM is connected to VCC. The logic threshold for switchover to the 30mV default value is approximately VCC - 1V. Carefully observe the PC board layout guidelines to ensure that noise and DC errors do not corrupt the current-sense signals seen by the current-sense inputs (C_P, C_N). from the drain to the gate of the low-side MOSFETs when LX switches from ground to VIN. Applications with high input voltages and long, inductive DL traces may require additional gate-to-source capacitance to ensure fast-rising LX edges do not pull up the low-side MOSFET’s gate voltage, causing shoot-through currents. The capacitive coupling between LX and DL created by the MOSFET’s gate-to-drain capacitance (CRSS), gate-to-source capacitance (CISS - CRSS), and additional board parasitics should not exceed the minimum threshold voltage: C VGS( TH) > VIN RSS CISS Lot-to-lot variation of the threshold voltage can cause problems in marginal designs. Typically, adding 4700pF between DL and power ground (C NL in Figure 9), close to the low-side MOSFETs, greatly reduces coupling. Do not exceed 22nF of total gate capacitance to prevent excessive turn-off delays. Alternatively, shoot-through currents may be caused by a combination of fast high-side MOSFETs and slow lowside MOSFETs. If the turn-off delay time of the low-side MOSFET is too long, the high-side MOSFETs can turn on before the low-side MOSFETs have actually turned off. Adding a resistor less than 5Ω in series with BST slows down the high-side MOSFET turn-on time, eliminating the shoot-through currents without degrading the turn-off time (RBST in Figure 9). Slowing down the highside MOSFET also reduces the LX node rise time, thereby reducing EMI and high-frequency coupling responsible for switching noise. MOSFET Gate Drivers (DH, DL) The DH and DL drivers are optimized for driving moderately sized, high-side and larger, low-side power MOSFETs. This is consistent with the low duty factor seen in the notebook CPU environment, where a large VIN - VOUT differential exists. An adaptive dead-time circuit monitors the DL output and prevents the highside FET from turning on until DL is fully off. There must be a low-resistance, low-inductance path from the DL driver to the MOSFET gate for the adaptive dead-time circuit to work properly. Otherwise, the sense circuitry in the quick-PWM controller interprets the MOSFET gate as “off” while there is actually charge still left on the gate. Use very short, wide traces (50 mils to 100 mils wide if the MOSFET is 1in from the device). The dead time at the other edge (DH turning off) is determined by a fixed 35ns internal delay. The internal pulldown transistor that drives DL low is robust, with a 0.4Ω (typ) on-resistance. This helps prevent DL from being pulled up due to capacitive coupling Power-On Reset CBYP VDD DBST BST (RBST)* NH L LX VDD DL NL (CNL)* PGND (RBST)* OPTIONAL—THE RESISTOR LOWERS EMI BY DECREASING THE SWITCHING NODE RISE TIME. (CNL)* OPTIONAL—THE CAPACITOR REDUCES LX TO DL CAPACITIVE COUPLING THAT CAN CAUSE SHOOT-THROUGH CURRENTS. Figure 9. Optional Gate-Driver Circuitry 30 INPUT (VIN) CBST DH ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies For multiphase systems, each phase supports a fraction of the load, depending on the current balancing. When properly balanced, the load current is evenly distributed among each phase: ILOAD(PHASE) = • Input Undervoltage Lockout During startup, the VCC UVLO circuitry forces the DL gate driver high and the DH gate driver low, inhibiting switching until an adequate supply voltage is reached. Once VCC rises above 4.25V, valid transitions detected at the trigger input initiate a corresponding on-time pulse (see the On-Time One-Shot (TON) section). If the V CC voltage drops below 4.25V, it is assumed that there is not enough supply voltage to make valid decisions. To protect the output from overvoltage faults, the controller activates the shutdown sequence. Multiphase Quick-PWM Design Procedure Firmly establish the input voltage range and maximum load current before choosing a switching frequency and inductor operating point (ripple-current ratio). The primary design trade-off lies in choosing a good switching frequency and inductor operating point, and the following four factors dictate the rest of the design: • Input voltage range: The maximum value (VIN(MAX)) must accommodate the worst-case high AC adapter voltage. The minimum value (VIN(MIN)) must account for the lowest input voltage after drops due to connectors, fuses, and battery-selector switches. If there is a choice at all, lower input voltages result in better efficiency. • Maximum load current: There are two values to consider. The peak load current (ILOAD(MAX)) determines the instantaneous component stresses and filtering requirements, and thus drives output capacitor selection, inductor saturation rating, and the design of the current-limit circuit. The continuous load current (ILOAD) determines the thermal stresses and thus drives the selection of input capacitors, MOSFETs, and other critical heat-contributing components. Modern notebook CPUs generally exhibit ILOAD = ILOAD(MAX) x 80%. • ILOAD η TOTAL where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases. Switching frequency: This choice determines the basic trade-off between size and efficiency. The optimal frequency is largely a function of maximum input voltage due to MOSFET switching losses that are proportional to frequency and V IN2. The optimum frequency is also a moving target, due to rapid improvements in MOSFET technology that are making higher frequencies more practical. Inductor operating point: This choice provides trade-offs between size vs. efficiency and transient response vs. output noise. Low inductor values provide better transient response and smaller physical size, but also result in lower efficiency and higher output noise due to increased ripple current. The minimum practical inductor value is one that causes the circuit to operate at the edge of critical conduction (where the inductor current just touches zero with every cycle at maximum load). Inductor values lower than this grant no further size-reduction benefit. The optimum operating point is usually found between 20% and 50% ripple current. Inductor Selection The switching frequency and operating point (% ripple current or LIR) determine the inductor value as follows: VIN − VOUT VOUT L = η TOTAL fSWILOAD(MAX)LIR VIN where ηTOTAL is the total number of phases. Find a low-loss inductor having the lowest possible DC resistance that fits in the allotted dimensions. Ferrite cores are often the best choice, although powdered iron is inexpensive and can work well at 200kHz. The core must be large enough not to saturate at the peak inductor current (IPEAK): I LIR IPEAK = LOAD(MAX) 1 + η 2 TOTAL ______________________________________________________________________________________ 31 MAX8760 Power-on reset (POR) occurs when VCC rises above approximately 2V, resetting the fault latch, activating boot mode, and preparing the PWM for operation. VCC undervoltage lockout (UVLO) circuitry inhibits switching, and forces the DL gate driver high (to enforce output overvoltage protection). When VCC rises above 4.25V, the DAC inputs are sampled and the output voltage begins to slew to the target voltage. For automatic startup, the battery voltage should be present before V CC . If the quick-PWM controller attempts to bring the output into regulation without the battery voltage present, the fault latch trips. Toggle the SHDN pin to reset the fault latch. MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Transient Response Output Capacitor Selection The inductor ripple current impacts transient-response performance, especially at low VIN - VOUT differentials. Low inductor values allow the inductor current to slew faster, replenishing charge removed from the output filter capacitors by a sudden load step. The amount of output sag is also a function of the maximum duty factor, which can be calculated from the on-time and minimum off-time. For a dual-phase controller, the worst-case output sag voltage can be determined by: The output filter capacitor must have low enough effective series resistance (ESR) to meet output ripple and load-transient requirements, yet have high enough ESR to satisfy stability requirements. In CPU VCORE converters and other applications where the output is subject to large-load transients, the output capacitor’s size typically depends on how much ESR is needed to prevent the output from dipping too low under a load transient. Ignoring the sag due to finite capacitance: VSAG = V K L(∆ILOAD(MAX))2 OUT + tOFF(MIN) V IN (VIN − 2VOUT)K 2COUTVOUT − 2tOFF(MIN) V IN V K ∆I + LOAD(MAX) OUT + tOFF(MIN) 2COUT V IN where t OFF(MIN) is the minimum off-time (see the Electrical Characteristics table) and K is from Table 6. The amount of overshoot due to stored inductor energy can be calculated as: VSOAR ≈ (∆ILOAD(MAX))2 L 2η TOTAL COUT VOUT where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases. Setting the Current Limit The minimum current-limit threshold must be high enough to support the maximum load current when the current limit is at the minimum tolerance value. The valley of the inductor current occurs at ILOAD(MAX) minus half the ripple current; therefore: I ILIMIT(LOW) > LOAD(MAX) η TOTAL LIR 1 − 2 where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases, and ILIMIT(LOW) equals the minimum current-limit threshold voltage divided by the current-sense resistor (RSENSE). For the 30mV default setting, the minimum current-limit threshold is 28mV. Connect ILIM to VCC for the default current-limit threshold (see the Electrical Characteristics table). In adjustable mode, the current-limit threshold is precisely 1/20 the voltage seen at ILIM. For an adjustable threshold, connect a resistive divider from REF to GND with ILIM connected to the center tap. When adjusting the current limit, use 1% tolerance resistors with approximately 10µA of divider current to prevent a significant increase of errors in the current-limit tolerance. 32 RESR ≤ VSTEP ∆ILOAD(MAX) In non-CPU applications, the output capacitor’s size often depends on how much ESR is needed to maintain an acceptable level of output ripple voltage. The output ripple voltage of a step-down controller equals the total inductor ripple current multiplied by the output capacitor’s ESR. When operating multiphase systems out-ofphase, the peak inductor currents of each phase are staggered, resulting in lower output ripple voltage by reducing the total inductor ripple current. For 3- or 4-phase operation, the maximum ESR to meet ripple requirements is: RESR ≤ VRIPPLEL (2VIN − η TOTAL VOUT )t ON − η TOTALVOUT t TRIG where ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases, tON is the calculated on-time per phase, and tTRIG is the trigger delay between the master’s DH rising edge and the slave’s DH rising edge. The trigger delay must be less than 1/(fSW x ηTOTAL) for stable operation. The actual capacitance value required relates to the physical size needed to achieve low ESR, as well as to the chemistry of the capacitor technology. Thus, the capacitor is usually selected by ESR and voltage rating rather than by capacitance value (this is true of polymer types). When using low-capacity ceramic filter capacitors, capacitor size is usually determined by the capacity needed to prevent V SAG and V SOAR from causing problems during load transients. Generally, once enough capacitance is added to meet the overshoot requirement, undershoot at the rising load edge is no longer a problem (see the VSAG and VSOAR equations in the Transient Response section). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies fESR ≤ fSW π where: fESR = 1 2πREFF COUT and: REFF = RESR + AVPSRSENSE + RPCB where COUT is the total output capacitance, RESR is the total equivalent-series resistance, R SENSE is the current-sense resistance, AVPS is the voltage-positioning gain, and R PCB is the parasitic board resistance between the output capacitors and sense resistors. For a standard 300kHz application, the ESR zero frequency must be well below 95kHz, preferably below 50kHz. Tantalum, Sanyo POSCAP, and Panasonic SP capacitors in widespread use at the time of publication have typical ESR-zero frequencies below 50kHz. For example, the ESR needed to support a 30mVP-P ripple in a 40A design is 30mV/(40A x 0.3) = 2.5mΩ. Four 330µF/2.5V Panasonic SP (type XR) capacitors in parallel provide 2.5mΩ (max) ESR. Their typical combined ESR results in a zero at 40kHz. Ceramic capacitors have a high ESR-zero frequency, but applications with significant voltage positioning can take advantage of their size and low ESR. Do not put high-value ceramic capacitors directly across the output without verifying that the circuit contains enough voltage positioning and series PC board resistance to ensure stability. When only using ceramic output capacitors, output overshoot (VSOAR) typically determines the minimum output capacitance requirement. Their relatively low capacitance value can cause output overshoot when stepping from full-load to no-load conditions, unless a small inductor value is used (high switching frequency) to minimize the energy transferred from inductor to capacitor during load-step recovery. The efficiency penalty for operating at 550kHz is about 5% when compared to the 300kHz circuit, primarily due to the high-side MOSFET switching losses. Unstable operation manifests itself in two related but distinctly different ways: double-pulsing and feedback loop instability. Double-pulsing occurs due to noise on the output or because the ESR is so low that there is not enough voltage ramp in the output voltage signal. This “fools” the error comparator into triggering a new cycle immediately after the minimum off-time period has expired. Double-pulsing is more annoying than harmful, resulting in nothing worse than increased output ripple. However, it can indicate the possible presence of loop instability due to insufficient ESR. Loop instability can result in oscillations at the output after line or load steps. Such perturbations are usually damped, but can cause the output voltage to rise above or fall below the tolerance limits. The easiest method for checking stability is to apply a very fast zero-to-max load transient and carefully observe the output voltage ripple envelope for overshoot and ringing. It can help to simultaneously monitor the inductor current with an AC current probe. Do not allow more than one cycle of ringing after the initial step-response under/overshoot. Input Capacitor Selection The input capacitor must meet the ripple current requirement (IRMS) imposed by the switching currents. The multiphase quick-PWM controllers operate out-ofphase, while the quick-PWM slave controllers provide selectable out-of-phase or in-phase on-time triggering. Out-of-phase operation reduces the RMS input current by dividing the input current between several staggered stages. For duty cycles less than 100%/ηOUTPH per phase, the IRMS requirements can be determined by the following equation: ILOAD IRMS = ηOUTPH VIN ηOUTPH VOUT (VIN − ηOUTPH VOUT) where ηOUTPH is the total number of out-of-phase switching regulators. The worst-case RMS current requirement occurs when operating with VIN = 2ηOUTPHVOUT. At this point, the above equation simplifies to I RMS = 0.5 x ILOAD/ηOUTPH. For most applications, nontantalum chemistries (ceramic, aluminum, or OS-CON™) are preferred due to their resistance to inrush surge currents typical of systems with a mechanical switch or connector in series with the input. If the quick-PWM controller is operated as the second stage of a two-stage power-conversion system, tantalum input capacitors are acceptable. In either configuration, choose an input capacitor that exhibits less than 10°C temperature rise at the RMS input current for optimal circuit longevity. OS-CON is a trademark of Sanyo. ______________________________________________________________________________________ 33 MAX8760 Output Capacitor Stability Considerations For quick-PWM controllers, stability is determined by the value of the ESR zero relative to the switching frequency. The boundary of instability is given by the following equation: MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies Power MOSFET Selection Most of the following MOSFET guidelines focus on the challenge of obtaining high load-current capability when using high-voltage (>20V) AC adapters. Low-current applications usually require less attention. The high-side MOSFET (NH) must be able to dissipate the resistive losses plus the switching losses at both VIN(MIN) and VIN(MAX). Calculate both of these sums. Ideally, the losses at VIN(MIN) should be roughly equal to losses at VIN(MAX), with lower losses in between. If the losses at VIN(MIN) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MAX), consider increasing the size of NH (reducing RDS(ON) but with higher CGATE). Conversely, if the losses at VIN(MAX) are significantly higher than the losses at VIN(MIN), consider reducing the size of NH (increasing RDS(ON) to lower CGATE). If VIN does not vary over a wide range, the minimum power dissipation occurs where the resistive losses equal the switching losses. Choose a low-side MOSFET that has the lowest possible on-resistance (RDS(ON)), comes in a moderate-sized package (i.e., one or two 8-pin SOs, DPAK, or D2PAK), and is reasonably priced. Ensure that the DL gate driver can supply sufficient current to support the gate charge and the current injected into the parasitic gate-to-drain capacitor caused by the high-side MOSFET turning on; otherwise, cross-conduction problems can occur (see the MOSFET Gate Driver section). MOSFET Power Dissipation Worst-case conduction losses occur at the duty factor extremes. For the high-side MOSFET (NH), the worstcase power dissipation due to resistance occurs at the minimum input voltage: 2 V I PD (NH RESISTIVE) = OUT LOAD RDS(ON) VIN η TOTAL where ηTOTAL is the total number of phases. Generally, a small high-side MOSFET is desired to reduce switching losses at high input voltages. However, the RDS(ON) required to stay within package power dissipation often limits how small the MOSFET can be. Again, the optimum occurs when the switching losses equal the conduction (RDS(ON)) losses. Highside switching losses do not usually become an issue until the input is greater than approximately 15V. Calculating the power dissipation in high-side MOSFET (NH) due to switching losses is difficult since it must allow for difficult quantifying factors that influence the turn-on and turn-off times. These factors include the internal gate resistance, gate charge, threshold voltage, source inductance, and PC board layout 34 characteristics. The following switching-loss calculation provides only a very rough estimate and is no substitute for breadboard evaluation, preferably including verification using a thermocouple mounted on NH: f I C PD (NH SWITCHING) = (VIN(MAX))2 RSS SW LOAD IGATE η TOTAL where CRSS is the reverse transfer capacitance of NH and IGATE is the peak gate-drive source/sink current (1A typ). Switching losses in the high-side MOSFET can become an insidious heat problem when maximum AC adapter voltages are applied due to the squared term in the C x V IN2 x f SW switching-loss equation. If the high-side MOSFET chosen for adequate RDS(ON) at low battery voltages becomes extraordinarily hot when biased from V IN(MAX) , consider choosing another MOSFET with lower parasitic capacitance. For the low-side MOSFET (NL), the worst-case power dissipation always occurs at maximum input voltage: VOUT ILOAD 2 PD (NL RESISTIVE) = 1 − RDS(ON) VIN(MAX) η TOTAL The worst-case for MOSFET power dissipation occurs under heavy overloads that are greater than ILOAD(MAX) but are not quite high enough to exceed the current limit and cause the fault latch to trip. To protect against this possibility, you can “overdesign” the circuit to tolerate: ∆I ILOAD = η TOTAL IVALLEY(MAX) + INDUCTOR 2 LIR I = η TOTAL IVALLEY(MAX) + LOAD(MAX) 2 where I VALLEY(MAX) is the maximum valley current allowed by the current-limit circuit, including threshold tolerance and on-resistance variation. The MOSFETs must have a good-size heatsink to handle the overload power dissipation. Choose a Schottky diode (DL) with a forward voltage low enough to prevent the low-side MOSFET body diode from turning on during the dead time. As a general rule, select a diode with a DC current rating equal to 1/3 of the load current-per-phase. This diode is optional and can be removed if efficiency is not critical. Boost Capacitors The boost capacitors (CBST) must be selected large enough to handle the gate-charging requirements of the high-side MOSFETs. Typically, 0.1µF ceramic capacitors work well for low-power applications driving ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies CBST = N x QGATE 200mV where N is the number of high-side MOSFETs used for one regulator, and QGATE is the gate charge specified in the MOSFET’s data sheet. For example, assume two IRF7811W n-channel MOSFETs are used on the high side. According to the manufacturer’s data sheet, a single IRF7811W has a maximum gate charge of 24nC (VGS = 5V). Using the above equation, the required boost capacitance would be: CBST = 2 x 24nC = 0.24µF 200mV Selecting the closest standard value, this example requires a 0.22µF ceramic capacitor. Current-Balance Compensation (CCI) The current-balance compensation capacitor (CCCI) integrates the difference between the main and secondary current-sense voltages. The internal compensation resistor (R CCI = 20kΩ) improves transient response by increasing the phase margin. This allows the dynamics of the current-balance loop to be optimized. Excessively large capacitor values increase the integration time constant, resulting in larger current differences between the phases during transients. Excessively small capacitor values allow the current loop to respond cycle-by-cycle but can result in small DC current variations between the phases. Likewise, excessively large resistor values can also cause DC current variations between the phases. Small resistor values reduce the phase margin, resulting in marginal stability in the current-balance loop. For most applications, a 470pF capacitor from CCI to the switching regulator’s output works well. Connecting the compensation network to the output (VOUT) allows the controller to feed-forward the output voltage signal, especially during transients. To reduce noise pickup in applications that have a widely distributed layout, it is sometimes helpful to connect the compensation network to the quiet analog ground rather than VOUT. Setting Voltage Positioning Voltage positioning dynamically lowers the output voltage in response to the load current, reducing the processor’s power dissipation. When the output is loaded, an operational amplifier (Figure 5) increases the signal fed back to the quick-PWM controller’s feedback input. The adjustable amplification allows the use of standard, current-sense resistor values, and significantly reduces the power dissipated since smaller current-sense resistors can be used. The load transient response of this control loop is extremely fast, yet well controlled, so the amount of voltage change can be accurately confined within the limits stipulated in the microprocessor power-supply guidelines. The voltage-positioned circuit determines the load current from the voltage across the current-sense resistors (RSENSE = RCM = RCS) connected between the inductors and output capacitors, as shown in Figure 10. The voltage drop can be determined by the following equation: VVPS = AVPSILOADRSENSE η SUM RF AVPS = η TOTAL RB where ηSUM is the number of phases summed together for voltage-positioning feedback, and ηTOTAL is the total number of active phases. When the slave controller is disabled, the current-sense summation maintains the proper voltage-positioned slope. Select the positive input summing resistors so RFBS = RF and RA = RB. Minimum Input Voltage Requirements and Dropout Performance The nonadjustable minimum off-time one-shot and the number of phases restrict the output voltage adjustable range for continuous-conduction operation. For best dropout performance, use the slower (200kHz) on-time settings. When working with low input voltages, the duty-factor limit must be calculated using worst-case values for on- and off-times. Manufacturing tolerances and internal propagation delays introduce an error to the TON K factor. This error is greater at higher frequencies (Table 6). Also, keep in mind that transient response performance of buck regulators operated too close to dropout is poor, and bulk output capacitance must often be added (see the V SAG equation in the Design Procedure section). The absolute point of dropout is when the inductor current ramps down during the minimum off-time (∆IDOWN) as much as it ramps up during the on-time (∆IUP). The ratio h = ∆IUP/∆IDOWN is an indicator of the ability to ______________________________________________________________________________________ 35 MAX8760 medium-sized MOSFETs. However, high-current applications driving large, high-side, MOSFETs require boost capacitors larger than 0.1µF. For these applications, select the boost capacitors to avoid discharging the capacitor more than 200mV while charging the high-side MOSFET’s gates: MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies CMN CMP MAIN PHASE L1 RSENSE MAX8760 RA RB PC BOARD TRACE RESISTANCE OAIN+ RFBS ERROR COMPARATOR CPU SENSE POINT OAINFB RF RA SECOND PHASE L2 RB PC BOARD TRACE RESISTANCE RSENSE CSP CSN Figure 10. Voltage-Positioning Gain slew the inductor current higher in response to increased load, and must always be greater than 1. As h approaches 1, the absolute minimum dropout point, the inductor current cannot increase as much during each switching cycle and V SAG greatly increases unless additional output capacitance is used. A reasonable minimum value for h is 1.5, but adjusting this up or down allows tradeoffs between VSAG, output capacitance, and minimum operating voltage. For a given value of h, the minimum operating voltage can be calculated as: V -V + V FB VPS DROP1 VIN(MIN) = η OUTPH h x tOFF(MIN) 1 - η OUTPH K + VDROP2 - VDROP1 + VVPS where ηOUTPH is the total number of out-of-phase switching regulators, VVPS is the voltage-positioning droop, VDROP1 and VDROP2 are the parasitic voltage drops in the discharge and charge paths (see the On-Time OneShot (TON) section), tOFF(MIN) is from the Electrical Characteristics table, and K is taken from Table 6. The absolute minimum input voltage is calculated with h = 1. If the calculated VIN(MIN) is greater than the required minimum input voltage, then reduce the operating frequency or add output capacitance to obtain an acceptable VSAG. If operation near dropout is anticipated, calculate VSAG to be sure of adequate transient response. 36 Dropout design example: VFB = 1.4V KMIN = 3µs for fSW = 300kHz tOFF(MIN) = 400ns VVPS = 3mV/A × 30A = 90mV VDROP1 = VDROP2 = 150mV (30A load) h = 1.5 and ηOUTPH = 2 1.4V - 90mV + 150mV VIN(MIN) = 2 x 1 - 2 x (0.4µs x 1.5 / 3.0µs + 150mV - 150mV + 90mV = 4.96V Calculating again with h = 1 gives the absolute limit of dropout: 1.4V - 90mV + 150mV VIN(MIN) = 2 x 1 - 2 x (0.4µs x 1.0 / 3.0µs + 150mV - 150mV + 90mV = 4.07V Therefore, VIN must be greater than 4.1V, even with very large output capacitance, and a practical input voltage with reasonable output capacitance would be 5V. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies PC Board Layout Guidelines Careful PC board layout is critical to achieve low switching losses and clean, stable operation. The switching power stage requires particular attention (Figure 11). If possible, mount all the power components on the top side of the board with their ground terminals flush against one another. Follow these guidelines for good PC board layout: 1) Keep the high-current paths short, especially at the ground terminals. This is essential for stable, jitter-free operation. 2) Connect all analog grounds to a separate solid copper plane, which connects to the GND pin of the quick-PWM controller. This includes the VCC bypass capacitor, REF and GNDS bypass capacitors, compensation (CC_) components, and the resistive dividers connected to ILIM and OFS. Each slave controller should also have a separate analog ground. Return the appropriate noise-sensitive slave components to this plane. Since the reference in the master is sometimes connected to the slave, it may be necessary to couple the analog ground in the master to the analog ground in the slave to prevent ground offsets. A low-value (≤10Ω) resistor is sufficient to link the two grounds. Keep the power traces and load connections short. This is essential for high efficiency. The use of thick copper PC boards (2oz vs. 1oz) can enhance full-load efficiency by 1% or more. Correctly routing PC board traces is a difficult task that must be approached in terms of fractions of centimeters, where a single mΩ of excess trace resistance causes a measurable efficiency penalty. Keep the high-current, gate-driver traces (DL, DH, LX, and BST) short and wide to minimize trace resistance and inductance. This is essential for high-power MOSFETs that require low-impedance gate drivers to avoid shoot-through currents. C_P, C_N, OAIN+, and OAIN- connections for current limiting and voltage positioning must be made using Kelvin-sense connections to guarantee the current-sense accuracy. When trade-offs in trace lengths must be made, it is preferable to allow the inductor-charging path to be made longer than the discharge path. For example, it is better to allow some extra distance between the input capacitors and the high-side MOSFET than to allow distance between the 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) inductor and the low-side MOSFET or between the inductor and the output filter capacitor. Route high-speed switching nodes away from sensitive analog areas (REF, CCV, CCI, FB, C_P, C_N, etc). Make all pin-strap control input connections (SHDN, ILIM, SKIP, SUS, S_, TON) to analog ground or VCC rather than power ground or VDD. Layout Procedure Place the power components first, with ground terminals adjacent (low-side MOSFET source, CIN, COUT, and D1 anode). If possible, make all these connections on the top layer with wide, copper-filled areas. 1) Mount the controller IC adjacent to the low-side MOSFET. The DL gate traces must be short and wide (50 mils to 100 mils wide if the MOSFET is 1in from the controller IC). 2) 3) 4) Group the gate-drive components (BST diodes and capacitors, VDD bypass capacitor) together near the controller IC. Make the DC-to-DC controller ground connections as shown in the Standard Application Circuits. This diagram can be viewed as having four separate ground planes: input/output ground, where all the high-power components go; the power ground plane, where the PGND pin and V DD bypass capacitor go; the master’s analog ground plane, where sensitive analog components, the master’s GND pin, and VCC bypass capacitor go; and the slave’s analog ground plane, where the slave’s GND pin and VCC bypass capacitor go. The master’s GND plane must meet the PGND plane only at a single point directly beneath the IC. Similarly, the slave’s GND plane must meet the PGND plane only at a single point directly beneath the IC. The respective master and slave ground planes should connect to the high-power output ground with a short metal trace from PGND to the source of the low-side MOSFET (the middle of the star ground). This point must also be very close to the output capacitor ground terminal. Connect the output power planes (VCORE and system ground planes) directly to the output filter capacitor positive and negative terminals with multiple vias. Place the entire DC-to-DC converter circuit as close to the CPU as is practical. Chip Information TRANSISTOR COUNT: 11,015 PROCESS: BiCMOS ______________________________________________________________________________________ 37 MAX8760 Applications Information MAX8760 Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies KELVIN SENSE VIAS UNDER THE SENSE RESISTOR (REFER TO EVALUATION KIT) CPU MAIN PHASE SECONDARY PHASE OUTPUT COUT RSENSE COUT COUT COUT COUT COUT RSENSE INDUCTOR INDUCTOR CIN CIN CIN CIN CIN CIN POWER GROUND INPUT PLACE CONTROLLER ON BACK SIDE WHEN POSSIBLE, USING THE GROUND PLANE TO SHIELD THE IC FROM EMI VIAS TO POWER GROUND CONNECT THE EXPOSED PAD TO ANALOG GND VIA TO ANALOG GROUND POWER GROUND (2ND LAYER) CONNECT GND AND PGND TO THE CONTROLLER AT ONE POINT ONLY AS SHOWN ANALOG GROUND (2ND LAYER) Figure 11. PC Board Layout Example 38 ______________________________________________________________________________________ Dual-Phase, Quick-PWM Controller for AMD Mobile Turion 64 CPU Core Power Supplies QFN THIN 6x6x0.8.EPS D2 D CL D/2 b D2/2 k E/2 E2/2 (NE-1) X e E CL E2 k e L (ND-1) X e e L CL CL L1 L L e A1 A2 e A PACKAGE OUTLINE 36, 40, 48L THIN QFN, 6x6x0.8mm 21-0141 E 1 2 NOTES: 1. DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING CONFORM TO ASME Y14.5M-1994. 2. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS. ANGLES ARE IN DEGREES. 3. N IS THE TOTAL NUMBER OF TERMINALS. 4. THE TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER AND TERMINAL NUMBERING CONVENTION SHALL CONFORM TO JESD 95-1 SPP-012. DETAILS OF TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER ARE OPTIONAL, BUT MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN THE ZONE INDICATED. THE TERMINAL #1 IDENTIFIER MAY BE EITHER A MOLD OR MARKED FEATURE. 5. DIMENSION b APPLIES TO METALLIZED TERMINAL AND IS MEASURED BETWEEN 0.25 mm AND 0.30 mm FROM TERMINAL TIP. 6. ND AND NE REFER TO THE NUMBER OF TERMINALS ON EACH D AND E SIDE RESPECTIVELY. 7. DEPOPULATION IS POSSIBLE IN A SYMMETRICAL FASHION. 8. COPLANARITY APPLIES TO THE EXPOSED HEAT SINK SLUG AS WELL AS THE TERMINALS. 9. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC MO220, EXCEPT FOR 0.4mm LEAD PITCH PACKAGE T4866-1. 10. WARPAGE SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.10 mm. PACKAGE OUTLINE 36, 40, 48L THIN QFN, 6x6x0.8mm 21-0141 E 2 2 Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 39 © 2005 Maxim Integrated Products Printed USA is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MAX8760 Package Information (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)