Application Note Rev. 1.00/ March 2014 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming Multi-Market Sensing Platforms Precise and Deliberate ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming Contents 1 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Offset Compensation ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Analog Offset Compensation........................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Range Zooming ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.3 Range Shift ................................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Range Zooming Procedure ................................................................................................................................. 7 4 Calibration using the Range Zooming Function .................................................................................................. 8 4.1 Data Ranges (16 Bit) .................................................................................................................................... 8 4.2 Calibration Procedure ................................................................................................................................... 8 4.3 ZSC31150 Calibration Example ................................................................................................................. 11 5 Output ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 6 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 7 Related Documents ........................................................................................................................................... 13 8 Document Revision History ............................................................................................................................... 14 List of Tables Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Valid Data Ranges in Counts for 15-bit and 16-bit ADC Resolution ..................................................... 7 Application Performance Parameters for Range Zooming with the ZSC31150 .................................... 7 ZSC31150 Calibration Procedure Main Steps ....................................................................................... 9 ZSSC3xxx Calibration Alternatives and Coefficients ........................................................................... 10 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 SSC Block Diagram and Signal Flow for Pressure Sensor Example .................................................... 3 Analog Offset Compensation ................................................................................................................. 4 Range Zooming ..................................................................................................................................... 5 ADC Range Shift ................................................................................................................................... 6 ADC Ranges .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Selection of Calibration Points ............................................................................................................... 9 ZSC31150 Evaluation Software........................................................................................................... 11 Calibration Window .............................................................................................................................. 12 Coefficients Calculation ....................................................................................................................... 12 For more information, contact ZMDI via [email protected]. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 2 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 1 Introduction This document provides instructions for using the range zooming technique to compensate for a high offset in the input signal for the ZSC31150 or ZSSC3138 Sensor Signal Conditioner (SSC) ICs. It describes the configuration parameters and calibration procedures using the ZSC31150 Evaluation Kit as an example and gives an example of a memory configuration that can be directly programmed into the ZSC31150 registers. Comparable procedures can be performed for the ZSSC3138 using the ZSSC313x Evaluation Kit. Several of the configuration steps can be performed on the desktop using the kit. The focus is on compensating large offsets of non-calibrated and temperature-compensated sensor elements (no trimming or external components), such as low-cost pressure cells. A sensor offset is the actual deviation of the output signal from 0 when no mechanical force is applied to the sensor. This document describes an example of an application for a measurement system with resistive sensor bridges (piezoresistive MEMS, thin/thick film on ceramic/steel, strain gauge elements, etc.). This reference application demonstrates several modifications that are possible for adapting an application to different sensor requirements. In general, ZMDI’s SSC ICs are used for sensor signal amplification, digital compensation, and linearization of the sensor’s non-linearity and temperature dependence, which fits perfectly with the requirements of piezoresistive and ceramic thick-filmbased sensor elements as well as strain gauges. Reading the data sheet, functional description, and evaluation kit description documents for the ZSC31150 or ZSSC3138 before using these procedures is strongly recommended. Figure 1.1 SSC Block Diagram and Signal Flow for Pressure Sensor Example Physical Value Sensor Measurement Calculation Output Sensor Signal Conditioner p diode t0 AFE CMC Output Main Channel(s) Linearization & Compensation D/A Supplementary Channel Linearization Serial Interface Analog Digital Output Pressure Sensor V T1 T2 T3 p Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. p 3 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 2 Offset Compensation There are different techniques for sensor offset compensation at the analog front end (AFE) stage of an SSC as described in this section. 2.1 Analog Offset Compensation For comparison, Figure 2.1 shows an analog offset compensation performed by adding a voltage to the signal path (r = ADC resolution). This is a very effective, but costly, method that demands higher gaining and piece-wise calibration of the SSC. The analog compensation is used for large sensor offset values (up to a maximum of approximately 300% of span, depending on the gain adjustment), which would overdrive the analog signal path if the gain is uncompensated. Figure 2.1 Analog Offset Compensation Sensor Signal Conditioner AFE VADC_REF D Analog Block Digital Block A P diode VIN N Resolution r1 ∑ a1 CMC a2 ±Vxzc VADC A D Output ADCOUT ∑ Amplifier with Gain a1 Amplifier with Gain a2 [mV] ADC Saturation [V] VSS = 0 ADC Output [counts] Max 2r1 VADC_REF Max 90% VADC_REF ADC input VADC +½ x 2r1 a2.VXZC VIN Sensor Output ½ VADC_REF Saturation -½ x 2r1 Min 10% VADC_REF 0 - 2r1 0 Min Physical Value Application Note March 10, 2014 Max Min Measurant (Analog) Max Measurant (Digital) © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 4 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 2.2 Range Zooming Range zooming is an alternative to the analog compensation method described in section 2.1. Range zooming achieves the same or better ADC output signal resolution without requiring complex analog hardware. This is realized by using a higher ADC resolution, lower gain, and a selected segment (zooming) of the ADC output. The Evaluation Kit Software allows selecting a segment of the input signal. This selected segment should contain the input signal range within certain limits and have a span that will not cause a math saturation of the calibration microcontroller (CMC). Therefore it is usually mapped to the output resolution. Selection of the segment depends on where the signal is situated in the selected ADC range and should be determined on an experimental basis. Figure 2.2 illustrates the method. Figure 2.2 Range Zooming Sensor Signal Conditioner AFE VADC_REF Analog Block Digital Block Resolution rADC + 2 diode CMC VIN a1 A D VADC Output ADCOUT Amplifier with Gain a1 VSS = 0 [V] [mV] ADC Output [counts] 2r2 VADC_REF Max 90% VADC_REF ADC Input + 2r1 = +½ x 2r2 VIN VADC Sensor Output ½ VADC_REF +½ x 2r1 0 -½ x 2r1 -2 r1 = -½ x 2r2 Min 10% VADC_REF 0 Min - 2r2 0 Physical Value Max Min Measurant (Analog) Max Measurant (Digital) The lower span of the ADC input signal is compensated with a higher ADC resolution r2, which should give the same or better digital results and measurement accuracy. For the subsequent example, a gain that is two times lower is compensated with 1 bit more resolution, which gives the same output signal resolution in ADC counts. An advantage of the range zooming is that for inner segments of the signal, the whole segment range can be used without risking saturation of the ADC. For comparison with the analog offset compensation method, the ADC range used is within 10% to 90% of its range. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 5 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 2.3 Range Shift In both cases discussed in preceding sections, an additional ADC range shift is selected in the ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 configuration registers to match the sensor signal symmetry. The selected “Range Shift” value of the digital output corresponds to the analog input’s common mode voltage (CMV) (the analog ground = ½ VADC_REF). The Range Shift selection depends on the sensor signal span, offset, temperature dependency, and tolerances. All these factors should be calculated to determine the most appropriate setting to get the maximum use of the analog signal path. The example in Figure 2.3 shows a symmetric sensor signal around the common mode voltage (CMV) and the possible Range 1 1 Shift values that can be used with the ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 (½, ¼, /8, and /16). The input signal should not saturate the ADC; thus for this example, a Range Shift setting of ½ fits the requirements. Figure 2.3 ADC Range Shift Valid ADC Data Ranges [counts] 15 Range Shift at 1/16 Range Shift at 1/8 Range Shift at ¼ Range Shift at ½ 7 /8 x 2 r /16 x 2r Max 2r ¾ x 2r ½ x 2r Required maximum range -1/8 x 2r -1/16 x 2r 0 -¼ x 2r Required minimum range -½ x 2r Min -2r Measurant (digital) Chapter 4 describes the calibration process and calculation of coefficients using the ZSC31150 Evaluation Kit as an example. Refer to the ZSC31150 Data Sheet or ZSSC3138 Data Sheet for further information regarding ordering the product’s Evaluation Kit and accessing available additional documents. Contact [email protected] for configuration files for range zooming. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 6 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 3 Range Zooming Procedure The result of the AD conversion ADCOUT (i.e., the ZCORR used in the formulas below), which is the input value for further signal conditioning by the CMC, depends on the resolution selection rADC ranging from 13 to 16 bit resolution. Measurement data acquired with resolutions of 15 and 16 bits must be mapped to the 13 or 14 bit resolution range for further calculations: CMV, SSC+, and SSC- measurements are always shifted to 13 bits (see the ZSC31150 Functional Description or ZSSC313x Functional Description for further information on these measurements). Temperature measurement data are divided by 4. Sensor data should have a 14-bit or slightly higher delta span within the +/- 215 range (see Table 3.1), corrected by subtraction of the offset selected in configuration register CFGAPP:POFFS (segment selection). See the ZSC31150 Functional Description or ZSSC313x Functional Description for further information about programming registers. AD conversion result segmentation calculation (only if r ADC = 15 or 16 bit) rADC Resolution of AD conversion Z CORR_OUT Z CORR_IN POFFS 213 ZCORR_IN Raw main channel A/D result for measured value (auto-zero compensated; D8HEX and D9HEX commands) with segment selection by POFFS [0; 7] ZCORR_OUT Raw main channel A/D result for measured value (auto-zero compensated) mapped in range per Table 3.1 ZCORR_TIN Raw temperature input A/D result for measured value (auto-zero compensated) ZCORR_T Raw temperature A/D result for measured value (auto-zero compensated) mapped in range [-214; 214) ZCORR_T Table 3.1 ZCORR_TIN 4 Valid Data Ranges in Counts for 15-bit and 16-bit ADC Resolution ADC Resolution Range Shift Data Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max 16 bits ZCORR_IN (D8HEX and D9HEX commands) -32768 32767 -16384 49151 -8192 57343 -4096 61439 -16384 16383 -8192 24575 -4096 28671 -2048 30719 -32768 32767 -16384 32767 -8192 32767 -4096 32767 -16384 16383 -8192 24575 -4096 28671 -2048 30719 15 bits 16 bits ZCORR_OUT 15 bits 1/2 3/4 7/8 15/16 The ZSC31150’s user-accessible configuration registers can be programmed as needed to meet the application performance requirements given in Table 3.2, which are needed when using range zooming. For the complete list of the ZSC31150 commands, refer to the ZSC31150 Functional Description. Table 3.2 Application Performance Parameters for Range Zooming with the ZSC31150 Parameter Min Max Unit Signal Reference Sensor Supply Supply Voltage V Signal Symmetry 1/2 15/16 Supply Voltage Resolution 13 16 Bits AFE Gain 2.8 420 1 8 Segmentation Application Note March 10, 2014 ZSC31150 Evaluation Kit Software segmentation index © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 7 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 4 Calibration using the Range Zooming Function The task of configuration is to setup the AFE according to the sensor signal requirements and correctly select the segment so that the data comply with the requirements given in section 3. 4.1 Data Ranges (16 Bit) Depending on the Range Shift selected, the result of the ADC can range as wide as -32768 to 61439 counts (see Table 3.1) 15 when using 16-bit resolution. However if the output data value (ZCORR_OUT) is greater than 32767 counts (2 ), this will result in a negative read-out value and the wrong analog output voltage during normal operation (NOM). The solution in this case would be to use a greater segmentation index or lower the gain. Another limitation occurs if the raw ADC data (acquired by D0HEX and D1HEX commands) is outside of the recommended 10% to 90% ADC limits. Outside these limits, the ADC might be saturating or outputting a non-linear response as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The delta range of the input signal (the difference in counts between the minimum and maximum acquired data corresponding to the sensor minimum and maximum output voltage) must have 14-bit (16384 ADC counts) or slightly higher resolution. This is needed in order to avoid math overflow and proper calibration coefficients calculation by the CMC. The process of auto-zero compensation removes any residual offset of the AFE. The output data results from subtraction between the raw data and the measured auto-zero value. For a detailed explanation and formulas regarding this signal conditioning, refer to the data sheet for the product. ADC Ranges ZCORR_IN ZCORR_OUT Range Shift at ¼ 0 Range Shift at ½ 216 90% 15/16 x2 7 /8 x 2 r ¾ x 2r 65535 or 2r ½ x 2r -1/16 x 2r -1/8 x 2r -¼ x 2r 0 Range Shift at 1/16 65535 or 2 Range Shift at 1/16 Saturation Range Shift at 1/8 65535 r Range Shift at 1/8 r Range Shift at ¼ Raw ADC [counts] Range Shift at ½ Figure 4.1 61439 or 15/16 x 2r 57343 or 7/8 x 2r 49151 or ¾ x 2r 32767 or ½ x 2r -8192 or -1/8 x 2r -16384 or -¼ x 2r -½ x 2r 10% r -4096 or -1/16 x 2 -32768 or -½ x 2r Range Shift 0 Measurant (digital) 4.2 Auto Zero Compensated Data [counts] Valid Output Data [counts] Calibration Procedure During the calibration procedure, the appropriate calibration coefficients are determined in order to match the user requirements. Calibration can be done using the Evaluation Kit Software. The signal conditioning is performed by polynomial equations. Based on the coefficients for this equation, the CMC calculates the linearization and temperature compensation of the sensor signal. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 8 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming Based on user requirements defining the quality of signal linearization and temperature compensation, an appropriate calibration approach should be defined in order to select the calibration points. A given calibration point (Zp) corresponds to a defined sensor input signal, its user-required output signal (Z), and a temperature value (T). One raw measurement value must be logged for each required calibration point. From the raw measurement values, the coefficients are calculated by the equation system based on the calibration formula. A practical procedure is organized into the basic steps listed in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Figure 4.2 Selection of Calibration Points Calibration Points Z T1 T0 T2 Output [% FSR] The calibration coefficients result from solving the calibration formula for a specified set of calibration points as illustrated in Figure 4.2. An equation solver is provided by a .DLL file to support this step of the procedure. The .DLL file is included in the Evaluation Kit and is also available upon request. Zp2 Zp2 Zp2 Zp3 Zp4 Zp1 Zp1 Zp1 p Sensor Input Signal Pressure[%FSR] ZSC31150 Calibration Procedure Main Steps . Start 1. Determine the basic configuration and program in RAM registers. 1 IC Configuration 2. Adjust the sensor signal and temperature (if required) to match the calibration point 2 3. Acquire raw measurement data 3 Raw Data Acquisition 4. Calculate coefficients (based on the calibration formula supported by the .DLL file). 4 5. Program the calculated coefficients into EEPROM or/and RAM. 6. Activate the Normal Operation Mode and validate the calibrated output signal measurement result. 7. Program the calculated coefficients into the non-volatile memory. Calibration Point Adjustment Coefficients Calculation 5 IC Programming 6 Result Validation 7 Write Register to Memory _ End A summary showing the interactions of the basic steps is given in Table 4.2. Before starting with the calibration procedure, a base configuration must be programmed in the RAM registers to setup all the registers. The base configuration of the ZSC31150 is non-calibrated. The hardware setup of the AFE is taken into account during the calibration, so any later changes of the AFE configuration (e.g., gain, ADC resolution, range shifts) will require new calibration coefficients. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 9 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming Table 4.2 gives an overview of possible calibration options. The necessary calibration points and the required coefficients are listed and marked with a “.” The higher the required grade of signal linearization or temperature compensation, the more calibration points and coefficients (cx) are necessary to calculate the ZSC31150 coefficients. Table 4.2 ZSSC3xxx Calibration Alternatives and Coefficients Calibration Points Sensor Signal Linearization Grade Temperature Calibration Compensation Temperature Grade Zp1 Zp2 Zp3 Linear None T0 2nd Order None T0 3rd Order None T0 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T2 T0 T1 T2 T0 T1 T2 Linear 2nd Order 3rd Order Linear 2nd Order 3rd Order 1st Order 1st Order 1st Order 2nd Order 2nd Order 2nd Order Coefficients Zp4 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 During the calibration process, the coefficients are calculated and programmed into the RAM and/or EEPROM in their respective registers. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 10 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 4.3 ZSC31150 Calibration Example For the example below, a linear (2-point calibration) will be performed for a ceramic-cell sensor with a large offset and small signal span (with a 5V power supply): Signal Span: 20mV Offset: 100mV The differential input signal will range from 100mV to 120mV plus temperature variations and tolerances that should also be taken into account. The AFE gain can be calculated roughly as (90%-10%) x VDD / 120mV = 33.3, corresponding to nearest lower gain setting 26.25 (or 32mV/V span) in the ZSC31150 Evaluation Software. Figure 4.3 ZSC31150 Evaluation Software Calibration Window Gain Selection, Signal Polarity & Reference Resolution, Range Shift & Segmentation Interface Selection Measurement Commands AFE Initial Configuration 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the proper gain and signal polarity based on the sensor parameters (26.25 for the example). Select the proper “Range Shift” value based on the sensor output signal symmetry (3/4). In the Seg# field, select segment #1 as a starting point (no data correction) and 16-bit resolution. Select one of the USB kit interfaces from the drop down menu. Note: the sensor can be simulated by using a precise low-noise voltage generator connected to the VINP and VINP pins of the ZSC31150. Shielded or twisted pair cables should be used to avoid noise on the signal. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 11 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming Raw Data Acquisition Open the calibration window to start the calibration procedure. The simplest example is a linear calibration based on measurement of two points (sensor minimum and sensor maximum) without temperature compensation of the sensor response. As defined in section 3, the goal is to select data in the -32768 to +32767 range with an approximately14-bit delta span. Figure 4.4 Calibration Window Non-linearity and temperature compensation method Valid Input Data Range with upper and lower limits (10%) Data Points Acquisition Measurement delta span (B2M – B1M) Definition of the upper and lower range limits 1. 2. 3. 4. Acquire measurement data. Adjust the Seg# field to get values into the valid ranges (in this case, select segment #3). Note: When using segmentation, the ADC might go into saturation even when the acquired data is within the limits. In this case, a warning will be displayed. Actual uncompensated data can be acquired with the D0HEX and D1HEX commands or via the Calibration > Get_Raw_Values window. Re-measure the points. Calculate coefficients and write to EEPROM. Figure 4.5 Coefficients Calculation Segmentation index #3 used Calculated coefficients Additional gain required in order to achieve specified output targets [%VDDA] DAC or analog output signal resolution Note: Before coefficient calculation, the output signal should be specified as analog or digital in order to fit the normalized conditioning result to the DAC or serial interface ranges. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 12 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 5 Output The main channel output signal is transmitted via the serial interface with resolution of 15 bits or by the analog output as a voltage in the addressable output range of 5% to 95% of the supply voltage. Temperature data is measured only for sensor temperature compensation. 2 The I C™* and OWI interfaces are intended for programming or testing of different configurations. Both interfaces provide access to all data that are transmitted as output. 6 Glossary Term Description ADC Analog / Digital Converter AFE Analog Front-end CMC Calibration Microcontroller CMV Common Mode Voltage DAC Digital to Analog Converter IC Integrated Circuit NOM Normal Operation Mode 7 Related Documents Note: X.xy refers to the latest version of the document. Document File Name ZSC31150 Data Sheet ZSC31150_Data_Sheet_Rev_X_xy.pdf ZSC31150 Functional Description ZSC31150_Functional_Description_Rev_X_xy.pdf ZSC31150 Evaluation Kit Description ZSC31150_Evaluation_Kit_Description_Rev_X_xy.pdf ZSSC3138 Data Sheet ZSSC3138_Data_Sheet_Rev_X_xy.pdf ZSSC313x Functional Description ZSSC313x_Functional_Description_Rev_X_xy.pdf ZSSC313x Evaluation Kit Description ZSSC313x_Evaluation_Kit_Description_Rev_X_xy.pdf Visit the product page (www.zmdi.com/zsc31150 or www.zmdi.com/zssc3138) on ZMDI’s website www.zmdi.com or contact your nearest sales office for the latest version of these documents. * I2C™ is a trademark of NXP. Application Note March 10, 2014 © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 13 of 14 ZSC31150 / ZSSC3138 High Offset Compensation via Range Zooming 8 Document Revision History Revision Date Description 1.00 March 10, 2014 First release of document Sales and Further Information Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG Global Headquarters Grenzstrasse 28 01109 Dresden, Germany ZMD America, Inc. 1525 McCarthy Blvd., #212 Milpitas, CA 95035-7453 USA Central Office: Phone +49.351.8822.0 Fax +49.351.8822.600 USA Phone +855.275.9634 Phone +408.883.6310 Fax +408.883.6358 European Technical Support Phone +49.351.8822.7.772 Fax +49.351.8822.87.772 European Sales (Stuttgart) Phone +49.711.674517.55 Fax +49.711.674517.87955 Application Note March 10, 2014 www.zmdi.com [email protected] Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG, Japan Office 2nd Floor, Shinbashi Tokyu Bldg. 4-21-3, Shinbashi, Minato-ku Tokyo, 105-0004 Japan ZMD FAR EAST, Ltd. 3F, No. 51, Sec. 2, Keelung Road 11052 Taipei Taiwan Phone Fax Phone Fax +81.3.6895.7410 +81.3.6895.7301 +886.2.2377.8189 +886.2.2377.8199 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG, Korea Office U-space 1 Building 11th Floor, Unit JA-1102 670 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do, 463-400 Korea Phone +82.31.950.7679 Fax +82.504.841.3026 DISCLAIMER: This information applies to a product under development. Its characteristics and specifications are subject to change without notice. Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG (ZMD AG) assumes no obligation regarding future manufacture unless otherwise agreed to in writing. The information furnished hereby is believed to be true and accurate. However, under no circumstances shall ZMD AG be liable to any customer, licensee, or any other third party for any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages of any kind or nature whatsoever arising out of or in any way related to the furnishing, performance, or use of this technical data. ZMD AG hereby expressly disclaims any liability of ZMD AG to any customer, licensee or any other third party, and any such customer, licensee and any other third party hereby waives any liability of ZMD AG for any damages in connection with or arising out of the furnishing, performance or use of this technical data, whether based on contract, warranty, tort (including negligence), strict liability, or otherwise. © 2014 Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden AG — Rev. 1.00 All rights reserved. The material contained herein may not be reproduced, adapted, merged, translated, stored, or used without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information furnished in this publication is subject to changes without notice. 14 of 14