STEL-1108 Data Sheet STEL-1108/CR 126 MHz BPSK/QPSK Digital Modulator R Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 TCP 960257 TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURES/BENEFITS ................................................................................................................ BLOCK DIAGRAM....................................................................................................................... PACKAGE OUTLINE ................................................................................................................... PIN CONFIGURATION................................................................................................................ INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... FUNCTION BLOCKS – DESCRIPTION......................................................................................... Clock Generator Block ...................................................................................................... Input Data Processor Block................................................................................................ FIR Filter Block................................................................................................................. Interpolating Filter Block................................................................................................... Frequency Control Word Buffer Block................................................................................ Phase Accumulator & Sine/Cosine Lookup Table Block...................................................... Complex Modulator Block................................................................................................. Adder Block ..................................................................................................................... INPUT SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................................................. OUTPUT SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS............................................................................................... MODE CONTROL REGISTERS ..................................................................................................... DECIMAL, HEX AND BINARY ADDRESS EQUIVALENTS ........................................................... REGISTER SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................................... ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS ................................................................................... RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS................................................................. D.C. CHARACTERISTICS................................................................................................. FREQUENCY CHANGE AND OUTPUT TIMING.............................................................. REGISTER WRITE TIMING............................................................................................... INPUT DATA AND CLOCK TIMING ............................................................................... BURST MODE TIMING .................................................................................................... RECOMMENDED INTERFACE CIRCUIT...................................................................................... SYNCHRONIZING THE 1108 BIT CLOCK .................................................................................... STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 9 10 13 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 19 21 21 FEATURES BENEFITS ■ Complete BPSK/DBPSK/QPSK/DQPSK modulator in a CMOS ASIC ■ High performance and high reliability with reduced manufacturing costs ■ Operates at up to 6.3 Mbps in BPSK mode and up to 12.6 Mbps in QPSK mode. ■ Supports data rates for voice and other applications ■ Programmable over a wide range of data rates ■ Supports multiple data rate applications ■ NCO modulator provides fine frequency resolution ■ Rapidly retunable to any frequency in the operating band ■ 126 MHz maximum clock rate generates modulated carrier at frequencies to 50 MHz ■ Simplifies upconversion of signal to higher frequencies ■ Eliminates most analog circuitry ■ Low cost, small, allows quick prototyping ■ Operates in continuous and burst mode ■ Optimizes performance in all modes ■ Selectable 10- or 12-bit outputs ■ Optimum interfacing to suitable DAC ■ 32-tap FIR filter for signal shaping before modulation ■ Optimum spectral purity of output minimizes external filtering ■ 80-Pin MQFP Package ■ Small Footprint, Surface Mount BLOCK DIAGRAM 3 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 STEL-1108 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.913" ±0.008" 0.787" ±0.008" 64 65 41 40 Detail of pins 0.551" ± 0.008" Top View 0.677" ± 0.008" Pin 1 Identifier 0.01" max. 80 1 0.029"/ 0.041" 25 24 0.0315" ±0.008" 0.012"/0.018" 0.130" max. Note: Tolerance on pin spacing is not cumulative WCP 51833.c-8/21/96 Package style: 80-pin MQFP. Thermal coefficient, θja = 58° C/W PIN CONFIGURATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 VDD DATA4 DATA5 DATA6 DATA7 VSS VSS ADDR5 ADDR4 ADDR3 VDD ADDR2 ADDR1 ADDR0 VSS VSS Notes: 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 TSDATA DATAENI TCLK FCWSEL0 FCWSEL1 I.C. I.C. I.C. VDD CLKEN VSS CLK NC VDD 5VDD N.C. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 VSS I.C. I.C. I.C. ACLKOUT VDD DATAENO BITCLK VDD RFCLK VSS RFDATA0 RFDATA1 VSS RFDATA2 RFDATA3 I.C. denotes Internal Connection. Do not use for vias. STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 4 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 VSS RFDATA4 VDD RFDATA5 VSS RFDATA6 VSS RFDATA7 RFDATA8 VSS RFDATA9 RFDATA10 VSS RFDATA11 VDD VSS 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 –––––––– RFCLKD VSS –––––– RESET RFCLKD VSS DIFFEN NCO LD ––––– CSEL ––– WR I.C. VDD DATA0 DATA1 DATA2 DATA 3 VSS INTRODUCTION The STEL-1108 is a BPSK/QPSK modulator in a single ASIC.* It is capable of operating at data rates up to 6.3 Mbps in BPSK mode and 12.6 Mbps in QPSK mode. The STEL-1108 will operate at a clock frequency of up to 126 MHz, allowing it to generate output signals at carrier frequencies up to 50 MHz. The STEL-1108 uses digital FIR filtering to optimally shape the spectrum of the modulating data prior to modulation, thereby optimizing the spectrum of the modulated signal while minimizing the analog filtering required after the modulator. The filters are designed to have a symmetrical (mirror image) polynomial transfer function, thereby making the phase response of the filter linear and eliminating inter symbol interference as a result of group delay distortion. In this way it is possible to change the carrier frequency over a wide range without having to change filters, providing the ability to operate a single system in many channels. Signal level scaling is provided after the FIR filter to allow the maximum dynamic range of the arithmetic to be utilized since the signal levels can be changed over a wide range according to how the device is programmed. To facilitate interfacing the STEL-1108 to a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) an output clock with programmable delay is provided. In addition, the STEL-1108 is designed to operate from a 3.3 volt power supply; provision is made to allow the device to interface with other logic operating at 5 volts. See Application Note 125 for example calculations of control register values. *The STEL-1108 utilizes advanced signal processing techniques which are covered by U.S. Patent Number 5,412,352. 5 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 STEL-1108 FUNCTION BLOCKS – DESCRIPTION Clock Generator Block The timing of the STEL-1108 is controlled by the Clock Generator Block. This block generates all the clocks required in the device from the CLK input, as well as the output clocks. The divider which determines the bit rate, symbol rate and sampling rate of the FIR filter is programmed by the data “n” written into address 29 H, with the sampling frequency set to fCLK/(n+1), where n can be from 4 to 255. A second divider is used to generate the auxiliary output clock (ACLKOUT) from the clock input. This divider is controlled by the data, “n”, stored in bit 3-0 in address 2A H, with the frequency set to fCLK/(n+1), where n can be from 2 to 15. Of all the clock signals generated, only the auxiliary clock continues to run when the clock enable is low. The bit clock output runs at twice the symbol rate, even in BPSK mode. Input Data Processor Block The STEL-1108 is designed to operate as a BPSK, QPSK, DBPSK or DQPSK modulator according to the setting of bit 3 in address 2CH and the DIFFEN input. When operating in QPSK mode the input data processor assembles pairs of data bits for each symbol to be modulated. The symbol data can then be differentially encoded in a way which depends on whether the modulation format is to be DBPSK or DQPSK. For DBPSK, the encoding algorithm is straightforward: output bit(k) = input bit(k) ⊕ output bit(k–1), where ⊕ represents the logical EXOR function. For DQPSK, however, the differential encoding algorithm is more complex since there are now sixteen possible new states depending on the four possible previous output states and four possible new input states, as shown in the table below: New Input Previously Encoded OUT(I, Q)k–1 IN(I, Q)k 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 frequency of the FIR filter is set to be four times the symbol rate. This frequency is determined by the data, “n”, written into address 29H, with the sampling frequency set to f CLK/(n+1), where n can be from 4 to 255. Interpolating Filter Block The output of the FIR filter is interpolated up to the clock frequency, fCLK, in a one, two or three stage interpolating filter. Since the gain of the integrators in the interpolating filter can vary over a wide range, a gain control function is provided at its input to select the significance of the 14-bit outputs of the FIR filter relative to the 24-bit inputs of the interpolating filter. This level shift function is controlled by the data stored in bit 7-4 in address 2AH. Frequency Control Word Buffer Block The STEL-1108 incorporates a Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) to synthesize the carrier in the modulator. The frequency of the NCO is programmed by means of the Frequency Control Word (FCW) registers at addresses 00 H through 08 H. The STEL-1108 incorporates provision for three separate FCWs (FCW A, FCW B and FCW C) to be stored in these registers. The modulator frequency can be switched between these values by means of the FCWSEL 1-0 inputs. The fourth setting of this 2-bit input selects a zero-frequency value, causing the modulator output to stop instantly at its current phase. Phase Accumulator and Sine/Cosine Lookup Table Block The 24-bit NCO gives a frequency resolution of approximately 6 Hz at a clock frequency of 100 MHz. The 12-bit sine and cosine lookup tables (LUTs) synthesize a carrier with very high spectral purity, typically better than 75 dBc at the digital outputs. Complex Modulator Block The interpolated I and Q data signals are fed into the Complex Modulator Block to be multiplied by the sine and cosine carriers from the Sin/Cos LUT Block. Adder Block The modulated sine and cosine carriers are fed into the Adder Block where they are either added or subtracted together to form the sum: Newly Encoded OUT(I, Q)k FIR Filter Block Sum = ± I . cos(ωt) ± Q . sin(ωt) The encoded data is filtered to minimize the sidelobes of its spectrum using a 32-tap, linear phase FIR filter. The 10-bit filter coefficients are completely programmable for any symmetrical (mirror image) polynomial and are stored in the registers at addresses 09H to 28H, giving the user full control (apart from the symmetry constraint) of the filter response. The clock (sampling) The signs of the I and Q components can be controlled by the settings of bits 0 and 1 in address 2BH, giving complete control over the characteristics of the RF signal generated. STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 6 INPUT SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS ––––––– RESET (Pin 67) –––––– CSEL (Pin 72) –––––– Reset. RESET is the master reset of the STEL-1108 and clears or presets all registers when it is set low. Setting –––––– RESET high enables operation of the circuitry. After the STEL-1108 is powered up, it is necessary to assert –––––– the RESET pin low for greater than 100 nS prior to configuring the chip. ––––– Chip Select. CSEL is provided to enable or disable the microprocessor operation of the STEL-1108. When ––––– CSEL is set high all write operations are disabled. ––––– When CSEL is set low the data bus become active and write operations are enabled. NCO LD (Pin 71) NCO Load Input. The frequency control word selected by the FCWSEL1-0 inputs will be loaded into the NCO on the rising edge of NCO LD. This function is also executed automatically each time the DATAENI input is set high. There is a pipeline delay of 16 CLK cycles from the rising edges of both NCO LD and DATAENI to the point where the NCO outputs are multiplied by the modulating signal in the Modulator Block. There is a further pipeline delay of 11 CLK cycles to the output pins, making a total of 27 CLK cycles from the load command to the output. CLK (Pin 28) Master Clock. CLK is the master clock of all the blocks. Its frequency must be an integer multiple of four times the data rate used (i.e., an integer multiple of the FIR Filter sampling rate) so that the programmable binary divider in the Clock Generator Block can generate the bit clock from the CLK signal. CLKEN (Pin 26) Clock Enable. CLKEN provides a gate to control the master clock. Setting CLKEN low will disable all functions in the STEL-1108 (except for the auxiliary clock output) by stopping the clock internally, thereby reducing the power consumption almost to the static level. Setting CLKEN high enables normal operation. When bit 7 is set high in address 2C H, the STEL-1108 will be configured to operate with an externally provided data clock, TCLK. When CLKEN is set high BITCLK will be resynchronized to the first rising edge of TCLK after the rising edge of CLKEN. FCWSEL 1-0 (Pins 20, 21) Frequency Control Word Select. FCWSEL 1-0 is a 2-bit input that permits the selection of one of four frequency control words for the NCO. In this way the NCO can be rapidly switched between these four frequencies without having to reload the FCW data in the FCW registers. The FCW is selected as follows: FCWSEL1-0 CAUTION: CLKEN must be held low continuously while programming addresses 2AH and 2B H. Failure to do so will cause the interpolator to lock up, requiring the STEL-1108 to be reset before normal operation resumes. 00 01 10 11 FCW ’A’ FCW ’B’ FCW ’C’ FCW = 0 (zero frequency) Whenever FCWSEL1-0 is changed the NCO frequency will change after the NCO is reloaded with a rising edge on either the NCO LD or the DATAENI inputs.. When FCWSEL1-0 = 11 the FCW data is unconditionally set to 00 00 00 00H, setting the NCO to zero frequency. When this occurs the NCO output will remain at its current phase value until FCWSEL1-0 is changed and the NCO is reloaded. –––– WR (Pin 73) ––– Write. WR is used to control the writing of data to the ––– DATA 7-0 bus. When WR is set low the register selected by the ADDR5-0 lines will become transparent and the ––– data on the DATA 7-0 bus will be latched in when WR goes high again. DATA7-0 (Pins 2 - 5, 76 - 79) DATAENI (Pin 18) Data Bus. DATA7-0 is an 8-bit microprocessor interface bus that provides access to all internal mode control register inputs for programming. DATA 7-0 is used in ––– conjunction with WR and ADDR5-0 to write the information into the control and coefficient registers. Data Enable Input. The DATAENI input is used to signify the beginning and end of a burst of data. It should be set high before the first (when the STEL-1108 is configured for BPSK modulation by setting bit 3 in address 2CH high) or second (when the STEL-1108 is configured for QPSK modulation by setting bit 3 in address 2C H low) falling edge of BITCLK (the edge on which the Q-channel bit is loaded in the QPSK mode) of each burst and set low again after the last falling edge of BITCLK of each burst. DATAENO will go high after the first two symbol periods of eachburst. At this time the NCO will be reloaded according to the current setting of FCWSEL1-0. ADDR5-0 (Pins 8 - 10, 12 - 14) Address Bus. ADDR5-0 is a 6-bit address bus that selects the mode control register location into which the information provided on the DATA 7-0 bus will be ––– written. ADDR5-0 is used in conjunction with WR and DATA 7-0 to write the information into the control and coefficient registers. 7 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 FCW data register/addresses STEL-1108 DIFFEN (Pin 70) Differential Encode enable Input. When DIFFEN is set low the data will be transmitted without any differential encoding. When this pin is set high the data will be differentially encoded before modulation and transmission as follows: 2CH, the data is latched in on the falling edges of the BITCLK output. When this bit is set high the data is latched in on the rising edges of the TCLK input. TCLK (Pin 19) 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Transmit Clock Input. The STEL-1108 is designed to operate either in a slave mode, when an external bit clock is required, or in a master mode, when it provides its own clock, according to the setting of bit 7 in address 2CH. Although the TSDATA signal is sampled internally on the falling edges of the internally generated BITCLK signal, a synchronizing circuit is provided to allow the use of the external data clock, TCLK, by setting bit 7 high in address 2CH. The TCLK input must be set to the correct frequency in relation to the CLK input, i.e., its frequency must be the same as the bit rate. In this mode the clock generator will freerun until the first rising edge on TCLK and will then synchronize BITCLK to this edge to allow TCLK to be used as the data input clock. The falling edges of BITCLK will occur n+4 cycles of CLK after the rising edges of TCLK, where n is the value of the data stored in the Sampling Rate Control Register at address 29 H. The data will then be latched in on the rising edges of TCLK before being re-sampled internally with BITCLK. In the event that the mutual synchronization of the clocks is lost, the clock generator can be made to resynchronize itself to TCLK by setting bit 0 in address 2EH high and then low again. BITCLK will be resynchronized to the first rising edge of TCLK after bit 0 is set low. 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 5VDD (Pin 31) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 To allow the STEL-1108 to be operated with drive circuits operating from conventional +5 volt logic levels the input buffers are powered from a separate power supply pin called 5VDD. This pin should be connected to the supply from which the drive circuits are powered. If the drive circuits operate from the same supply voltage as the STEL-1108 then 5VDD and VDD (+3.3 volts) should be connected together. DBPSK modulation (bit 3 in address 2CH set high): The data will be differentially encoded starting with the bit entering the TSDATA input during the symbol in which DIFFEN goes high. This bit will be differentially encoded relative to a logic zero, regardless of the value of the previous bit. The differential encoding algorithms: output bit(k) = input bit(k) ⊕ output bit(k–1) where ⊕ represents the logical XOR function. DQPSK modulation (bit 3 in address 2C H set low): The data will be differentially encoded starting with the bit pair entering the TSDATA input during the symbol in which DIFFEN goes high. The bits in that symbol will be differentially encoded relative to a 00 symbol, regardless of the value of the previous symbol. The differential encoding algorithm is shown in the table below: New Input Previously Encoded OUT(I, Q)k–1 IN(I, Q)k 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 Newly Encoded OUT(I, Q)k TSDATA (Pin 17) Transmit Serial Data Input. The data to be transmitted is input at this pin. When bit 7 is set low in address STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 8 OUTPUT SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS RFDATA 11-0 (Pins 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62) RFCLK (Pin 42) The RFCLK output is a replica of the input clock signal, CLK. It is intended to be used to strobe the DAC connected to the RFDATA11-0 output. To cater for different DAC characteristics and requirements it is possible to set the actual timing of RFCLK by means of bits 6-5 in address 2CH, as shown in the following table: RF Output Data. The 12 MSBs of the internal 15-bit sum of the I.cos and Q.sin products are brought out as RFDATA11-0. In some applications it may be desirable to use a 10-bit DAC with the STEL-1108. In this case the two MSBs, RFDATA11-10, can be disabled by setting bit 3 high in address 2BH. The signal should then be scaled after the FIR filter so that the peak amplitude of the output is no more than 10 bits and the DAC connected to pins RFDATA9-0. RFCLK Delay Bits 6-5 DATAENO (Pin 39) Data En able Output. DATAENO is a modified replica of the DATAENI input. It will be set high two symbols after DATAENI goes high and it will be set low eleven symbols after DATAENI goes low. In this way, DATAENO indicates the entire activity period of the RFDATA11-0 output during the burst. 00 5 nsec 01 7 nsec 10 9 nsec 11 Disabled Setting 11 disables the RFCLK output, making it possible to turn off the DAC output in this way. Please refer to the timing diagrams for further details. BITCLK (Pin 40) ––––––––– RFCLKD , RFCLKD (Pins 65, 68) Bit Clock Output. BITCLK is a 50% duty cycle clock at twice the symbol rate, which is determined by the value of the data stored in the Sampling Rate Control Register at address 29H. If an external transmit data clock is not available, BITCLK can be used as the clock in QPSK mode (divide by 2 externally for BPSK mode). When bit 7 in address 2CH is set high the TSDATA signal is first sampled internally on the rising edges of the TCLK signal The falling edges of BITCLK will then occur n+4 cycles of CLK after the rising edges of TCLK, where n is the value of the data stored in the Sampling Rate Control Register at address 29 H. When bit 7 in address 2CH is set low the TSDATA signal will be sampled directly on the falling edges of BITCLK. –––––––– The RFCLKD and RFCLKD outputs are delayed replicas of the output clock signal, RFCLK. They are not normally used and are not shown in the block diagram. ACLKOUT (Pin 37) Auxiliary Clock Output. CLK is divided by a factor of 3 to 16 to generate the ACLKOUT signal. The division factor is determined by the data stored in bits 3-0 of address 2AH. The frequency is then set to the frequency of CLK/(n+1), where n is the value stored in address 2A H and must range from 2 to 15. In all cases, ACLKOUT will be high for two cycles of CLK and low for (n–1) cycles of CLK. 9 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 (TYP) STEL-1108 MODE CONTROL REGISTERS - WRITE ADDRESSES Addresses 00H - 08H: NCO Frequency Control Words Address The internal Carrier NCO is driven by a frequency control word that is stored in the FCW registers. The nine 8-bit registers at addresses 00H through 08H are used to store the three 24-bit frequency control words FCW ‘A’, FCW ‘B’ and FCW ‘C’ as shown in Table 1. The LSB of each byte is stored in bit 0 of each register. Address FCW Data 00H FCW ‘A’, bits 7-0 01H FCW ‘A’, bits 15-8 02H FCW ‘A’, bits 23-16 03H FCW ‘B’, bits 7-0 04H FCW ‘B’, bits 15-8 05H FCW ‘B’, bits 23-16 06H FCW ‘C’, bits 7-0 07H FCW ‘C’, bits 15-8 08H FCW ‘C’, bits 23-16 0A H Taps 0 and 31, bits 9-8 0BH Taps 1 and 30, bits 7-0 0CH … … Taps 1 and 30, bits 9-8 … … 25H Taps 14 and 17, bits 7-0 26H Taps 14 and 17, bits 9-8 27H Taps 15 and 16, bits 7-0 28H Taps 15 and 16, bits 9-8 Address 29H: Sampling Rate, Symbol Rate and Bit Rate Control fCLK . FCW 2 24 where: fCLK is the frequency of the CLK input. and FCW is the FCW data stored in addresses 00H through 08 H as selected by the setting of the FCWSEL1-0 inputs. When FCWSEL1-0 is set to 11 the frequency of the NCO is set to zero. Addresses 09H - 28H: FIR Filter Coefficients The coefficients of the FIR filter are stored in addresses 09H - 28H, using two addresses for each 10-bit coefficient as shown in Table 2. The LSB of each byte is stored in bit 0 of each register, so that bits 9-8 of each coefficient are stored in bits 1-0 of the corresponding register. The coefficients are stored as Two’s Complement numbers in the range –512 to +511 (200H to 1FFH). Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 Taps 0 and 31, bits 7-0 The filter is always constrained to have symmetrical coefficients, resulting in a linear phase response. This allows each coefficient to stored once for two taps, as shown in the table. The frequency of the NCO will be: STEL-1108 09H Table 2. FIR Filter Coefficient Storage Table 1. Carrier NCO FCW Storage fCARR = FCW Data 10 The timing of the STEL-1108 is controlled by the Clock Generator Block. This block generates all the clocks required in the device from the CLK input, as well as the output clocks. The divider which determines the bit rate, symbol rate and sampling rate of the FIR filter is programmed by the data written into address 29H, with the sampling frequency ranging from fCLK/5 to fCLK/256. The sampling rate is then set to the frequency of CLK/(n+1), where n is the value stored in address 29H and must range from 4 to 255, unless n is a multiple of 16. If n is a multiple of 16 the sampling rate will be set to the frequency of CLK/(n+17) In all cases this is further divided by 2 to generate BITCLK. Note that at CLK frequencies below approximately 64 MHz it is also permissible to set the sampling rate to 3, giving a sampling frequency of f CLK/4. Address 2A H: CAUTION: CLKEN must be held low continuously while programming address 2A H. Failure to do so will cause the interpolator to lock up, requiring the STEL-1108 to be reset before normal operation resumes. Bits 0 through 3 -- Auxiliary Clock Rate Control The timing of the ACLKOUT signal is controlled by the Clock Generator Block. The divider which determines the frequency of ACLKOUT is programmed by the data written into bits 3-0 in address 2A H, with the frequency ranging from fCLK/3 to fCLK/16. The frequency is then set to the frequency of CLK/(n+1), where n is the value stored in address 2A H and the valid range is 2 to 15. If n is set to 1 the ACLKOUT output will remain set high, thereby disabling this function. If the ACLKOUT signal is not required, it is recommended that it be set in this mode to conserve power consumption. Bits 4 through 7 -- Interpolation Filter Input Gain Control Since the gain of the integrators in the interpolation filter can vary over a wide range, a gain control function is provided at its input to select the significance of the 14-bit outputs of the FIR filter relative to the 24-bit inputs of the interpolation filter. This function is controlled by the data stored in bit 7-4 in address 2A H, as shown in Table 3: Bits 7-4 Input signal level of Interpolation Filter 0H Bits 13-0 Lowest Gain 1H Bits 14-1 ..... .... ..... .... 7H Bits 20-7 8H Bits 21-8 Highest Gain Table 3. Interpolation Filter Signal Level Control Bits 1-0 Sum = I . cos(ωt) + Q . sin(ωt) 01 Sum = –I . cos(ωt) + Q . sin(ωt) 10 Sum = I . cos(ωt) – Q . sin(ωt) 11 Sum = –I . cos(ωt) – Q . sin(ωt) This capability gives complete flexibility to the control of the output signal. Bit 2 -- Test Mode Bit 2 in address 2BH sets the STEL-1108 into a test mode and should always be set low during normal operation. Bit 3 -- Disable Output MSBs The STEL-1108 generates a 12-bit output signal OUT11-0 and is designed to be used with a 12-bit DAC. In some applications it may be desirable to use a 10-bit DAC; in this case the output signal level should be set so that the 2 MSBs of the output, OUT 11-10, are unused. These two bits can then be disabled to reduce power consumption by setting bit 3 high in address 2B H. Care should be taken when this feature is used since no overflow protection is provided. Bits 5 - 4 -- Interpolation Filter Bypass Control Bits 4 and 5 in address 2BH determine the number of stages of interpolation used in the Interpolation Filter Block. Three cascaded sections of interpolation are provided and up to two of these can be bypassed according to the settings of bits 4 and 5, as shown in Table 5: Bits 5-4 Bits 1 - 0 -- Invert I/Q Channels Number of Interpolations selected 00 3 01 2 10 2 11 1 Table 5. Interpolation Filter Bypass Control Bits 7 - 6 -- Test Mode Bits 6 and 7 in address 2BH set the STEL-1108 into a test mode and should always be set low. 11 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 00 Table 4. Signal Inversion Control Address 2BH: CAUTION: CLKEN must be held low continuously while programming address 2BH. Failure to do so will cause the interpolator to lock up, requiring the STEL-1108 to be reset before normal operation resumes. The I channel signal is multiplied by the cosine output from the NCO and the Q channel Signal is multiplied by the sine output prior to being added together. Bits 0 and 1 in address 2BH allow the two products to be inverted prior to the addition, as shown in Table 4: Output of Adder Block STEL-1108 Address 2CH: Bit 0 -- Test Mode Bit 0 in address 2CH sets the STEL-1108 into a test mode and should always be set low during normal operation. Bit 1 -- FIR Filter Bypass Control The FIR filters in the STEL-1108 can be bypassed by setting bit 1 high in address 2CH. Bit 2 -- Test Mode Bit 2 in address 2CH sets the STEL-1108 into a test mode and should always be set low during normal operation. Bit 3 -- BPSK Select The STEL-1108 is capable of operating as either a BPSK or a QPSK modulator according to the setting of bit 0 in address 2CH. Setting this bit low puts the device into the QPSK mode, generating the output signal: RFOUT = ± I . cos(ωt) ± Q . sin(ωt) Setting this bit high puts the device into the BPSK mode, generating the output signal: RFOUT = ± I . cos(ωt) In this case many of the circuits in the Q channel signal path are disabled to conserve power. Bit 4 -- Test Mode Bit 4 in address 2CH sets the STEL-1108 into a test mode and should normally be set low. Setting this bit high complements the frequency control word. Bits 6 - 5 -- RFCLK Delay Control Bits 5 and 6 in address 2C H control the delay or phase of the RFCLK output, as shown in Table 6: RFCLK Delay Bits 6-5 (TYP) 00 5 nsec 01 7 nsec 10 9 nsec 11 Disabled the clock generator will free-run until the first rising edge on TCLK and will then synchronize BITCLK to this edge to allow TCLK to be used as the data input clock. The data will then be latched in on the rising edges of TCLK before being re-sampled internally with BITCLK. In the event that the mutual synchronization of the clocks is lost, the clock generator can be made to resynchronize itself to TCLK by setting bit 0 in address 2EH high and then low again. BITCLK will be resynchronized to the first rising edge of TCLK after bit 0 is set low. When bit 7 is set low in address 2C H the TSDATA signal will be sampled directly by the falling edges of BITCLK. Address 2DH: Bit 0 -- PN Data Mode The STEL-1108 incorporates a pseudo random number (PN) generator, primarily for test purposes. When bit 0 is set high in address 2DH the PN generator will be connected to the data path in place of the normal input data at the TSDATA input. When this bit is set low the device will operate in the normal mode, transmitting the input data. Bit 1 -- PN Code Select When bit 0 is set high in address 2D H the STEL-1108 PN generator will be connected to the data path in place of the normal input data at the TSDATA input. Two different PN codes can be selected, according the setting of bit 1 in address 2DH. When this bit is set low the code will be (10,3) and when it is set high the code will be (23,18). The latter code is the same as that used in a TTC FIREBERD 6000 BER test set, allowing the system to be tested without a second FIREBERD at the transmit site when the transmitter and receiver are located at different sites. Bit 2 -- Offset Binary Select The output signal RFOUT11-0 can be in either two’s complement or offset binary format , according to the setting of bit 2 in address 2D H. Setting this bit high selects two’s complement and setting it low selects offset binary, as shown in Table 7: Table 6. RFCLK Delay Control Bit 7 -- External Transmit Clock Select The STEL-1108 is designed to operate either in a slave mode, when an external bit clock is required, or in a master mode, when it provides its own clock, according to the setting of bit 7 in address 2CH. Although the TSDATA signal is sampled internally on the falling edges of the internally generated BITCLK signal, a synchronizing circuit is provided to allow the use of the external data clock, TCLK, by setting bit 7 high in address 2CH. The TCLK input must be set to the correct frequency in relation to the CLK input, i.e., its frequency must be the same as the bit rate. In this mode STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 12 RFOUT11-0 Signal Bit 2 = 1 (2’s Comp) Bit 2 = 0 (O. Bin) Max. + 7FF H (12-bit mode) FFFH Zero 000 H 800 H Max. – 800 H (12-bit mode) 000 H level Table 7. RFOUT11-0 Signal Formats Bits 7 - 3 -- Not Used Address 2EH Bit 0 -- Bit Clock Sync Control When bit 7 is set high in address 2C H, the STEL-1108 will be configured to operate with an externally provided data clock, TCLK. The internally generated BITCLK will be synchronized to the first rising edge of this clock. In the event that the mutual synchronization of the clocks is lost, the clock generator can be made to resynchronize itself to TCLK by setting bit 0 in address 2EH high and then low again. BITCLK will be resynchronized to the first rising edge of TCLK after bit 0 is set low. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– DECIMAL, HEX AND BINARY ADDRESS EQUIVALENTS Dec. Hex. Binary Dec. Hex. Binary Dec. Hex. Binary 0 00H 000000 16 10H 010000 32 20H 100000 1 01H 000001 17 11H 010001 33 21H 100001 2 02H 000010 18 12H 010010 34 22H 100010 3 03H 000011 19 13H 010011 35 23H 100011 4 04H 000100 20 14H 010100 36 24H 100100 5 05H 000101 21 15H 010101 37 25H 100101 6 06H 000110 22 16H 010110 38 26H 100110 7 07H 000111 23 17H 010111 39 27H 100111 8 08H 001000 24 18H 011000 40 28H 101000 9 09H 001001 25 19H 011001 41 29H 101001 10 0A H 001010 26 1A H 011010 42 2A H 101010 11 0BH 001011 27 1BH 011011 43 2BH 101011 12 0CH 001100 28 1CH 011100 44 2CH 101100 13 0DH 001101 29 1DH 011101 45 2DH 101101 14 0EH 001110 30 1EH 011110 46 2EH 101110 15 0F H 001111 31 1F H 011111 13 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 STEL-1108 REGISTER SUMMARY - WRITE ADDRESSES Address Contents Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 00-02H NCO Frequency Control Word ‘A’ (24 bits) 03-05H NCO Frequency Control Word ‘B’ (24 bits) 06-08H NCO Frequency Control Word ‘C’ (24 bits) 09-28H FIR Filter Coefficients 29H Bit 0 Sampling Rate, Symbol Rate and Bit Rate Control 2A H Interpolation Filter Input Gain Control 2BH 2CH Bit 1 Set to zero Ext. Tx Clock Sel. Int. Filt. Bypass Control RFCLK Control Set to zero 2DH Auxiliary Clock Rate Control Dis. MSBs Set to zero Invert I/Q Channels BPSK Select Set to zero FIR Bypass Control Set to zero Offset Bin. Select PN Code Select PN Data Mode 2EH Bit Clock Sync Cont. EXAMPLE SOFTWARE INITIALIZATION SEQUENCE 1. Disable the clock by setting pin 26 (CLKEN) low 2. Reset the STEL-1108 by pulsing pin 67 (RESETB) low (this clears all internal registers) 3. Write to all 47 registers 4. Enable the clock by setting pin 26 (CLKEN) high 5. Force the internal NCO to load the new frequency register data by pulsing pin 71 (NCO LD) high STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 14 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Warning: Stresses greater than those shown below may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure of the device to these conditions for extended periods may also affect device reliability. All voltages are referenced to VSS. Symbol Parameter Range Units T stg Storage Temperature –40 to +125 °C VDDmax Supply voltage on VDD –0.3 to + 7 volts VI(max) Input voltage –0.3 to 5VDD+0.3 volts Ii DC input current ± 30 mA PDiss (max) Power dissipation, CLKEN = 1 690 mW PDiss (max) Power dissipation, CLKEN = 0 50 mW RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS Symbol Parameter Range Units VDD Supply Voltage +3.3 ± 10% volts Ta Operating Temperature (Ambient) –40 to +85 °C D.C. CHARACTERISTICS Operating Conditions: VDD = 3.3 V ±10%, VSS = 0 V, Ta = –40° to 85° C Symbol Parameter IDDQ Supply Current, Quiescent IDD Supply Current, Operational VIH(min) Clock High Level Input Voltage VIL(max) Clock Low Level Input Voltage VIH(min) High Level Input Voltage VIL(max) Low Level Input Voltage IIH High Level Input Current IIL Low Level Input Current VOH(min) High Level Output Voltage VOL(max) Low Level Output Voltage VOH(min) High Level Output Voltage Min. Typ. Max. 1.0 2.2 mA Static, no clock volts CLK, Logic '1' volts CLK, Logic '0' volts Other inputs, Logic '1' volts Other inputs, Logic '0' 10 µA VIN = 5V DD –10 µA VIN = VSS 3.0 VDD volts IO = –4.0 mA, RFDATA, RFCLK 0.2 0.4 volts IO = + 4.0 mA, RFDATA, RFCLK 3.0 VDD volts IO = –2.0 mA, All other 0.8 2.0 0.8 2.4 Conditions mA/MHz fCLK = 126 MHz 2.0 2.4 Units outputs VOL(max) Low Level Output Voltage 0.2 0.4 volts IO = +2.0 mA, All other outputs IOS Output Short Circuit Current 20 65 CIN Input Capacitance 2 COUT Output Capacitance 4 15 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 130 10 mA VOUT = VDD, VDD = max pF All inputs pF All outputs STEL-1108 REGISTER WRITE TIMING CSEL ADDR 5-0 DON'T CARE DON'T CARE tSU1 WR tHD1 DATA 7-0 tWR DON'T CARE DON'T CARE FREQUENCY CHANGE AND OUTPUT SIGNAL TIMING tSU 27 CLOCK EDGES CLK tCLK tSU2 tCLK ** NCO LD tCRC tW RFCLK tCRD OLD FREQUENCY NEW FREQUENCY RFDATA 11-0 ACLKOUT * * Shown for ÷5 case (n = 4) **Insert NCOLD when CLKEN is "HIGH." TCP 52113.c 9/6/96 STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 16 INPUT DATA AND CLOCK TIMING SLAVE MODE MASTER MODE DON'T CARE TCLK BITCLK DON'T CARE tSU3 tHD3 tSU3 tHD3 TSDATA External Clock ( slave) mode Internal Clock (master) mode BITCLK* DON'T CARE DON'T CARE TCLK* DON'T CARE DON'T CARE tSU3 tHD3 DATAENI TSDATA DON'T CARE I Q I Q Q I Q DON'T CARE * Depending on clock mode selected TCP 52111.c 11/25/96 A.C. CHARACTERISTICS Operating Conditions: VDD = 3.3 V ±10%, VSS = 0 V, Ta = –40° to 85° C, Symbol Parameter fCLK CLK Frequency tCLK tHD1 CLK Pulse width, High or Low ––– WR Pulse width ––––– ––– DATA 7-0, ADDR5-0, CSEL to WR setup ––––– ––– DATA 7-0, ADDR5-0, CSEL to WR hold tW Min. Max. Units Conditions 126 MHz See Note 2 nsec. 10 nsec. 5 nsec. 5 nsec. NCO LD Pulse width 10 nsec. tCRC CLK to RFCLK delay, bits 6-5 in Address 2CH 5* tCRD CLK to RFDATA11-0 delay tSU3 TSDATA to TCLK or BITCLK setup 2.5 nsec. tHD3 TSDATA to TCLK or BITCLK hold 2.5 nsec. tWR tSU1 9* nsec. Load = 10 pF 12 nsec. Load = 10 pF *These are the minimum and maximum nominal values programmable. 17 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 STEL-1108 INPUT DATA AND CLOCK TIMING CLKEN tCT tDC DATAENI DATAENO TCLK DON'T CARE DON'T CARE (AFTER DATAENI GOES LOW) TCP 52112.c 11/25/96 A.C. CHARACTERISTICS Operating Conditions: VDD = 3.3 V ±10%, VSS = 0 V, Ta = –40° to 85° C, Symbol Parameter tCT CLKEN to TCLK setup tDC DATAENO to CLKEN hold STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 Min. 18 Max. Units Conditions 2 cycles of CLK 0 cycles of CLK BURST TIMING (Slave Mode): FULL VIEW PIN NAME 19 TCLK (1) 17 TSDATA 26 CLKEN (B) 18 DATAENI (C) 39 DATAENO (A) (G) (F) (J) (I) (D) 70 DIFFEN(2) (K) (E) (H) Preamble User Data Guard Time TCP 52032.c 8/22/96 NOTES: (1) All input signals shown are derived from TCLK. Each edge is delayed from a TCLK edge by typically 6 to 18 nsec. DATAENO does not depend on TCLK but its edges are synchronized to TCLK. TCLK itself can be turned off after DATAENI goes low. (2) If the preamble is not encoded the same as the user data, the DIFFEN control can be toggled in mid transmission as shown. Otherwise, the DIFFEN control can be held high or low depending on encoding desired. (A) First data bit transition on falling edge of TCLK (first of 14 preamble symbols). The data will be valid on the next rising edge of TCLK. (B) CLKEN rises on the same edge of TCLK that the data starts on. CLKEN is allowed to rise any time earlier than shown. (C) DATAENI rises on the first rising edge of TCLK (middle of the first preamble bit). (D) DATAENO rises on the falling edge of TCLK (at the end of the second symbol). (E) DIFFEN rises on the rising edge of TCLK immediately preceding the first user data bit. (F) User data bits are clocked by the falling edge of TCLK and must be valid during the next rising edge of TCLK. (G) End of user data. Note that the data is allowed to go away immediately after it is latched in by the rising of TCLK which occurs in the middle of the last user data bit. H) DIFFEN goes low on rising edge of TCLK (middle of last user data bit). (I) DATAENI goes low on rising edge of TCLK (on the cycle of TCLK after the last user data bit). (J) CLKEN must stay high until any time on or after the point where DATAENO goes low. (K) DATAENO stays high for a period of time about 11 symbols long after DATAENI goes low. 19 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 STEL-1108 BURST MODE TIMING: USER BURST DATA INPUT DETAIL PIN NAME 19 TCLK (1) 17 TSDATA 26 CLKEN 18 DATAENI (F) 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 (G) (I) 39 DATAENO 70 DIFFEN(2) (E) (H) TCP 52033.c 8/22/96 BURST MODE TIMING: PREAMBLE START DETAIL PIN NAME 19 TCLK (1) 17 TSDATA 26 CLKEN 18 DATAENI 39 DATAENO 70 DIFFEN(2) (A) I Q I Q I (B) (C) (D) TCP 52034.c-8/22/96 STEL-1108 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 20 RECOMMENDED INTERFACE CIRCUIT (Slave Mode) TSDATA D Q CLKEN D Q TSDATA CLKEN OR DATAENO DATAENI D Q DATAENI DIFFEN D Q DIFFEN FCWSEL 1-0 D Q 2 STEL-1108 FCWSEL 1-0 TCLK TCLK TCP 52118.c 8/16/96 RECOMMENDED INTERFACE CIRCUIT (Master Mode) STEL-1108 TSDATA D Q D Q TSDATA DATAENI D Q D Q DATAENI DIFFEN D Q D Q DIFFEN D Q TCLK BITCLK CLKEN* *CLKEN may be turned off between bursts to conserve power as long as it is turned on at least three cycles of BITCLK before TSDATA arrives and kept on until after DATAENO goes low. Note that the BITCLK output goes inactive whenever CLKEN is low. TCP 52115.c 9/6/96 SYNCHRONIZING THE 1108 BIT CLOCK (Master Mode) 1) With TCLK Low 2) Preset the bit clock sync circuit by either A) cycling clock enable from low to high B) cycling software bit 0 in address 2EH from zero to one and back to zero 3) Bit clock will be in sync after first rising edge of TCLK 4) To keep I/Q bits synchronized with symbol boundaries, either have an integer number of symbols (i.e. an even # of bit clocks) between bursts, or resynchronize at the beginning of each burst. 21 Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 STEL-1108 Information in this document is provided in connection with Intel® products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. Except as provided in Intels Terms and Conditions of Sale for such products, Intel assumes no liability whatsoever, and Intel disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to sale and/or use of Intel® products including liability or warranties relating to fitness for a particular purpose, merchantability, or infringement of any patent, copyright or other intellectual property right. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, or life sustaining applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. For Further Information Call or Write INTEL CORPORATION Cable Network Operation 350 E. Plumeria Drive, San Jose, CA 95134 Customer Service Telephone: (408) 545-9700 Technical Support Telephone: (408) 545-9799 FAX: (408) 545-9888 Copyright © Intel Corporation, December 15, 1999. All rights reserved Powered by ICminer.com Electronic-Library Service CopyRight 2003 WCP 970301A 015-140258